Potent conjugates and hydrophilic linkers

ABSTRACT

Linkers for binding drugs to cell binding agents are modified to hydrophilic linkers by incorporating a polyethylene glycol spacer. The potency or the efficacy of the cell-binding agent-drug conjugates is surprisingly enhanced several folds in a variety of cancer cell types, including those expressing a low number of antigens on the cell surface or cancer cells that are resistant to treatment. A method for preparing maytansinoids bearing a thioether moiety and a reactive group which allows the maytansinoid to be linked to a cell-binding agent in essentially a single step is also provided.

This is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/574,466 filedOct. 6, 2009.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to new linkers to link drugs (e.g.cytotoxic agents) to cell-binding agents (e.g., antibodies) in such away that the linker contributes in increasing the activity of the drug.In particular, the present invention relates to the use of novelhydrophilic linkers, wherein such linkers enhance the potency or theefficacy of the cell-binding agent-drug conjugates by several fold in avariety of cancer cell types, including those expressing a low number ofantigens on the cell surface or cancers that are resistant to treatment.The present invention also relates to a method for preparingmaytansinoids bearing a thioether moiety and a reactive group whichallows the maytansinoid to be linked to a cell-binding agent.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Antibody conjugates of cytotoxic drugs are being developed astarget-specific therapeutic agents. Antibodies against various cancercell-surface antigens have been conjugated with different cytotoxicagents that inhibit various essential cellular targets such asmicrotubules (maytansinoids, auristatins, taxanes: U.S. Pat. Nos.5,208,020; 5,416,064; 6,333,410; 6,441,163; 6,340,701; 6,372,738;6,436,931; 6,596,757; 7,276,497), DNA (calicheamicin, doxorubicin,CC-1065 analogs; U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,475,092; 5,585,499; 5,846,545;6,534,660; 6,756,397; 6,630,579). Antibody conjugates with some of thesecytotoxic drugs are actively being investigated in the clinic for cancertherapy (Richart, A. D., and Tolcher, A. W., 2007, Nature ClinicalPractice, 4, 245-255).

The antibody-cytotoxic agent conjugates typically are prepared by theinitial modification of reactive moieties on antibodies, such as lysineamino groups, or cysteine groups (generated by reduction of nativedisulfide bonds or by engineering of additional non-native cysteineresidues on to antibodies using molecular biology methods). Thusantibodies are first modified with a heterobifunctional linker reagent,such as those previously described, exemplified by SPDB, SMCC and SIAB(U.S. Pat. No. 6,913,758 and U.S. Patent Publication No. 20050169933) toincorporate a linker with a reactive group such as mixedpyridyldisulfide, maleimide or haloacetamide. The incorporated reactivelinker group in the antibody is subsequently conjugated with a cytotoxicagent containing a reactive moiety such as a thiol group. Anotherconjugation route is by reaction of a cytotoxic agent derivativecontaining a thiol-reactive group (such as haloacetamide, or maleimide)with thiol groups on the cell-binding agent. Thiol groups areincorporated on cell-binding agents such as an antibody by reduction ofnative disulfide residues (R. Singh et al., Anal. Biochem., 2002, 304,147-156), or reduction of incorporated disulfide moieties (via SPDP,succinimidyl 3-(2-pyridyldithio)propionate, followed by reduction withdithiothreitol, D. G. Gilliland et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA.,1980, 77, 4539-4543), or by incorporation of additional non-nativecysteine residues (J. B. Stimmel et al., J. Biol. Chem., 2000, 275,30445-30450), or incorporation of thiol groups by reaction with2-iminothiolane (R. Jue et al., Biochemistry, 1978, 17, 5399-5406), ormethyl 3-mercaptopropionimidate ester (T. P. King et al., Biochemistry,1978, 17, 1499-1506).

The antibody-cytotoxic agent conjugates with disulfide or thioetherlinkages are cleaved intracellularly, presumably in lysosomes, todeliver the active cytotoxic agent inside the cancer cell (H. K.Erickson et al., 2006, Cancer Research, 66, 4626-4433). In addition tothe killing of target cells, antibody-cytotoxic agent conjugates withreducible disulfide linkage also kill proximate antigen-negative cellsin mixed populations of antigen-negative and antigen-positive cells invitro and in vivo in xenograft models, suggesting the role oftarget-cell released cytotoxic agent in improving potency againstneighboring non-antigen-expressing cells in tumors with heterogeneousantigen expression (Y. V. Kovtun et al., Cancer Research, 2006, 66,3214-3221).

Although, antibody-cytotoxic drug conjugates show cell killing activityin vitro and anti-tumor activity in vivo, their potency is diminished inmany cases, especially when the antigen expression on the target cancercell is low, or when the target cells are resistant to the treatment.This is often the case in the clinical setting, resulting in low tomodest anti-tumor activity in patients. A potential approach to try tocircumvent resistance is to synthesize new drugs that bear hydrophilicor lipophobic functionalities (see G. Szokacs et al., Nature Reviews, 5;219-235, 2006). However, this process is cumbersome and several analogshave to be synthesized, and often modification in the structure of thedrug results in loss of biological activity. Thus, there is a need for adifferent approach.

The method described in the art for preparing a cytotoxic conjugate of acell binding agent and a drug via non-cleavable linker requires tworeaction steps (U.S. Pat. No. 5,208,020 & US Publication No.2005/0169933). First, the cell binding agent, such as an antibody, ismodified with a bifunctional crosslinker that undergoes reaction withthe reactive groups of the cell binding agent, such as the amine groupon lysine residues or the sulfhydryl group on cysteine residues, to formcovalent chemical bonds. Following modification of the cell bindingagent, the product is purified to separate the desired modified cellbinding agent from unreacted crosslinker. In a second step, known as aconjugation step, a reactive drug derivative, such as a thiol-containingmaytansinoid, is added to the modified cell-binding agent for reactionwith the modified cell-binding agent. Following this reaction, anadditional purification is required to remove any unreacted drug speciesand other byproducts from the final conjugate. These multiple reactionand purification steps result in low yield of the final conjugate andcan be expensive and cumbersome when one considers implementing thesesteps on a large scale. An additional drawback to these methods is theconjugate heterogeneity that is introduced when unreacted crosslinkerremains linked to the cell-binding agent without attached drug. Theunreacted crosslinker can then undergo additional side reactions such ashydrolysis and intramolecular or intermolecular reactions. There istherefore a need for functionalized, reactive drug derivatives, such asmaytansinoids, that can be covalently linked via a non-cleavable bond toa cell binding agent, such as an antibody in essentially one reactionstep.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention addresses the problem of resistance by designingnew linkers to link drugs to cell-binding agents in such a way that thelinker contributes in increasing the activity of the drug. Thus, thepresent invention improves the manner in which drugs are linked to acell-binding agent such that the linker design provides conjugates thatare active across a broad spectrum of tumors, particularly in lowantigen expressing or drug resistant tumors.

The present invention is based on the novel finding that whentraditional linkers (e.g. SMCC, STAB etc, described in U.S. PatentPublication No. 20050169933) are modified to hydrophilic linkers byincorporating a polyethylene glycol [PEG_(n), (—CH₂CH₂O)_(n))] spacer,the potency or the efficacy of the cell-binding agent-drug conjugates issurprisingly enhanced several fold in a variety of cancer cell types,including those expressing a low number of antigens on the cell surface.

Also, these PEG-containing conjugates unexpectedly are more potent thanthe previously described conjugates toward cell lines that are resistantto treatment.

In addition, in the case of antibody conjugates, incorporation ofhydrophilic linkers allowed the conjugation of up to 15 molecules of adrug per antibody molecule with high yield and no aggregation orprecipitation. These conjugates with hydrophilic linkers with up to 15molecules of a drug linked per antibody molecule bound with highaffinity to target antigen (similar to that of unmodified antibody).

This invention also discloses novel maytansinoids that are reactivetowards amine groups or thiol groups of cell binding agents such thatthioether-linked maytansinoid conjugates with cell binding agents may beprepared in essentially one reaction step, without prior chemicalmodification of the cell binding agent.

The present invention discloses processes for the synthesis of novelmaytansinoid derivatives bearing a thioether-moiety and a reactivegroup. These novel maytansinoids are useful in the preparation ofthioether-linked conjugates with cell binding agents in essentially onereaction step. Processes for the preparation of cell binding agentconjugates employing these novel reactive maytansinoids are alsodisclosed.

Accordingly, the present invention provides a compound of formula (1) ora specific compound of formula (1′):

Z—X_(l)—(—CH₂—CH₂—O—)_(n)—Y_(p)-D  (1)

D-Y_(p)—(—CH₂—CH₂—O—)_(n)—X_(l)—Z  (1′)

wherein:Z represents a reactive functionality that can form an amide or athioether bond with a cell-binding agent;D represents a drug;X represents an aliphatic, an aromatic or a heterocyclic group attachedto the cell-binding agent via a thioether bond, an amide bond, acarbamate bond, or an ether bond;Y represents an aliphatic, an aromatic or a heterocyclic group attachedto the drug via a covalent bond selected from the group consisting of athioether bond, an amide bond, a carbamate bond, an ether bond, an aminebond, a carbon-carbon bond and a hydrazone bond;l is 0 or 1;p is 0 or 1; andn is an integer from 1 to 2000.

Another aspect of the present invention is a cell-binding agent drugconjugate of formula (2) or a specific compound of formula (2′):

CB—[X_(l)—(—CH₂—CH₂—O—)_(n)—Y_(p)-D]_(m)  (2)

[D-Y_(p)—(—CH₂—CH₂—O—)_(n)—X_(l)]_(m)—CB  (2′)

wherein, CB represents a cell-binding agent;D represents a drug;X represents an aliphatic, an aromatic or a heterocyclic group attachedto the cell-binding agent via a thioether bond, an amide bond, acarbamate bond, or an ether bond;Y represents an aliphatic, an aromatic, or a heterocyclic group attachedto the drug via a covalent bond selected from the group consisting of athioether bond, an amide bond, a carbamate bond, an ether bond, an aminebond, a carbon-carbon bond and a hydrazone bond;l is 0 or 1;p is 0 or 1;m is an integer from 2 to 15; andn is an integer from 1 to 2000.

Another aspect of the present invention is a compound of formula (3) ora specific compound of formula (3′):

Z—X_(l)—(—CH₂—CH₂O—)_(n)—Y-D  (3)

D-Y—(—CH₂—CH₂O—)_(n)—X_(l)—Z  (3′)

wherein:Z represents a reactive functionality that can form an amide or athioether bond with a cell-binding agent;D represents a drug;X represents an aliphatic, an aromatic or a heterocyclic group attachedto the cell-binding agent via a thioether bond, an amide bond, acarbamate bond, or an ether bond;Y represents an aliphatic, non-aromatic heterocyclic or aromaticheterocyclic group attached to the drug via a disulfide bond;l is 0 or 1; andn is an integer from 1 to 14.

Another aspect of the present invention is a cell-binding agent drugconjugate of formula (4) or a specific compound of formula (4′):

CB—(X_(l)—(—CH₂—CH₂O—)_(n)—Y-D)_(m)  (4)

[D-Y—(—CH₂—CH₂O—)_(n)—X_(l)]_(m)—CB  (4′)

wherein, CB represents a cell-binding agent;D represents a drug;X represents an aliphatic, an aromatic or a heterocyclic group attachedto the cell-binding agent via a thioether bond, an amide bond, acarbamate bond, or an ether bond;Y represents an aliphatic, an aromatic or a heterocyclic group attachedto the drug via a disulfide bond;l is 0 or 1; andm is an integer from 3 to 8; andn is an integer from 1 to 14.

An even further aspect of the present invention is a method for treatingcancer sensitive to treatment with said method, said method comprisingparenterally administering to a patient in need thereof an effectivedose of a composition comprising the conjugate of formula (2) or (4).

In still another aspect of the present invention, there is providednovel maytansinoids having a thioether moiety that bears a reactivegroup and that are represented by the formula (5):

D′-Y′—V-Q-W—Z′  (5)

wherein:D′ represents a sulfhydryl-bearing maytansinoid, such asN^(2′)-deacetyl-N^(2′)-(3-mercapto-1-oxopropyl)-maytansine (DM1) orN^(2′)-deacetyl-N^(2′)-(4-mercapto-4-methyl-1-oxopentyl)maytansine(DM4);Y′ represents a thioether bondV is an optional linear, branched or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl or alkynylgroup having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms;Q represents an optional aromatic or a heterocyclic moiety;W is an optional linear, branched or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl or alkynylgroup having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms;andZ′ represents an amine or sulfhydryl reactive group.

The reactive maytansinoid derivative bearing a thioether moiety isprepared from a sulfhydryl-bearing maytansinoid (such as DM1 and DM4)and a heterobifunctional crosslinker. The reaction is represented by thefollowing chemical equation:

D′+Y″—V-Q-W—Z′→D′-Y′—V-Q-W—Z′

wherein:D′ represents a sulfhydryl-bearing maytansinoid such asN^(2′)-deacetyl-N^(2′)-(3-mercapto-1-oxopropyl)-maytansine (DM1) orN^(2′)-deacetyl-N^(2′)-(4-mercapto-4-methyl-1-oxopentyl)maytansine(DM4);V is an optional linear, branched or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl or alkynylgroup having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms;Q represents an optional aromatic or a heterocyclic moiety;W is an optional linear, branched or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl or alkynylgroup having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms;Z′ is an amine or sulfhydryl reactive group;Y″ represents a sulfhydryl-reactive moiety; andY′ represents a thioether bond between the sulfhydryl-bearingmaytansinoid and the crosslinker.

The present invention also discloses a process for the preparation ofcytotoxic conjugates of maytansinoids and cell binding agents linked viaa non-cleavable bond (formula 10), said process comprising reacting acell binding agent with a compound of formula Z′—W-Q-V—Y′-D′ to providea cell binding agent conjugate of formula CB—(Z″—W-Q-V—Y′-D′)_(m)

wherein,Z′ represents an amine or sulfhydryl reactive group;W is an optional linear, branched or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl or alkynylgroup having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms;Q represents an optional aromatic or a heterocyclic moiety;V is an optional linear, branched or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl or alkynylgroup having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms;Y′ represents a thioether bond;D′ represents a sulfhydryl bearing maytansinoid, such asN^(2′)-deacetyl-N^(2′)-(3-mercapto-1-oxopropyl)-maytansine (DM1) orN^(2′)-deacetyl-N^(2′)-(4-mercapto-4-methyl-1-oxopentyl)maytansine(DM4);CB represents a cell-binding agent;Z″ represents an amide bond; andm is an integer from 2 to 8.

The cell-binding agent maytansinoid conjugate may be further purified.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows a structural representation of representativePEG-containing thiosuccinimidyl-linked conjugates of the presentinvention (mAb=monoclonal antibody); n=1-2000; m=2-15).

FIG. 2 shows a structural representation of representativePEG-containing thioacetamidyl-linked conjugates of the present invention(n=1-2000; m=2-15).

FIG. 3 shows a structural representation of representativePEG-containing disulfide linked compounds of the present invention(n=1-14; m=3-8).

FIG. 4 shows synthetic schemes for PEG-containing conjugates(non-cleavable thiosuccinimidyl-linked) of the present invention(n=1-2000).

FIG. 5 shows a synthetic scheme for PEG-containing conjugates(non-cleavable thioacetamidyl-linked) of the present invention(n=1-2000).

FIG. 6 shows synthetic schemes for PEG-containing disulfide linkedcompounds of the present invention (n=1-14): 6A) Synthesis of thePEG-containing disulfide linked compound for 1-step conjugation tocell-binding agent; and 6B) Synthesis of the heterobifunctionalPEG-containing disulfide linked crosslinking compound.

FIG. 7 shows a conjugation procedure for PEG-containingthiosuccinimidyl-linked conjugates of the present invention (one-stepconjugation; n=1-2000; m=2-15).

FIG. 8 shows a conjugation procedure for PEG-containingthiosuccinimidyl-linked conjugates of the present invention (2-stepconjugation; n=1-2000; m=2-15).

FIG. 9 shows a conjugation procedure for PEG-containing thioether-linked(thioacetamidyl-linked) conjugates of the present invention (1-stepconjugation; n=1-2000; m=2-15).

FIG. 10 shows a conjugation procedure for PEG-containingthioether-linked (thioacetamidyl-linked) conjugates of the presentinvention (2-step conjugation; n=1-2000; m=2-15).

FIG. 11 shows a conjugation procedure for PEG-containing disulfidelinked conjugates of the present invention (1-step conjugation; n=1-14;m=3-8).

FIG. 12 shows a conjugation procedure for PEG-containing disulfidelinked conjugates of the present invention (2-step conjugation; n=1-14;m=3-8).

FIG. 13 shows a synthetic scheme for PEG-containing,sulfhydryl-reactive, thiosuccinimidyl-linked compounds of the presentinvention (n=1-2000).

FIG. 14 shows a conjugation procedure for PEG-containingthiosuccinimidyl-linked conjugates of the present invention (1-stepconjugation; n=1-2000; m=2-15).

FIG. 15 shows a conjugation procedure for PEG-containing,thiosuccinimidyl-linked conjugates of the present invention (2-stepconjugation; n=1-2000; m=2-15).

FIG. 16 shows synthetic schemes for PEG-containing, sulfhydryl-reactive,thioacetamidyl-linked compounds of the present invention (n=1-2000):16A) Synthesis of the PEG-containing, sulfhydryl-reactive, thioacetamidelinked compounds for 1-step conjugation; and 16B) Synthesis of theheterobifunctional PEG-containing, sulfhydryl-reactive crosslinkingcompounds for 2-step conjugation.

FIG. 17 shows a conjugation procedure for PEG-containingthioacetamidyl-linked conjugates of the present invention (1-stepconjugation; n=1-2000; m=2-15)).

FIG. 18 shows a conjugation procedure for PEG-containingthioacetamidyl-linked conjugates of the present invention (2-stepconjugation; n=1-2000; m=2-15).

FIG. 19 shows a synthetic scheme for the PEG-containing,sulfhydryl-reactive, thioether-linked compounds of the presentinventions (n=1-2000): 19A) Synthesis of the PEG-containing,sulfhydryl-reactive, thioacetamidyl-linked compound for 1-stepconjugation; and 19B) Synthesis of the homobifunctional PEG-containing,sulfhydryl-reactive crosslinking compounds for 2-step conjugation.

FIG. 20 shows a conjugation procedure for PEG-containingthioacetamidyl-linked conjugates of the present invention (1-stepconjugation; n=1-2000; m=2-15).

FIG. 21 shows a conjugation procedure for PEG-containingthioacetamidyl-linked conjugates of the present invention (2-stepconjugation; n=1-2000; m=2-15).

FIG. 22 shows a mass spectrum (MS) of a deglycosylated HuAb-PEG₄Mal-DM1conjugate (10.7 DM1/Ab, average).

FIG. 23 shows size exclusion chromatography (SEC) of a HuAb-PEG₄Mal-DM1conjugate (10.7 DM1/Ab, average).

FIG. 24 shows FACS binding of HuAb-PEG4Mal-DM1 conjugate (10.7maytansinoid/antibody) is similar to that of unmodified antibody.

FIG. 25 shows cytotoxicity of anti-EpCAM antibody-maytansinoidconjugates on multi-drug resistant COLO205-MDR cells.

FIG. 26 shows cytotoxicity of anti-CanAg antibody-maytansinoidconjugates on multi-drug resistant COLO205-MDR cells.

FIG. 27 shows cytotoxicity of anti-CD56 antibody-maytansinoid conjugateson Molp-8 multiple myeloma cells.

FIG. 28 shows cytotoxicity of anti-EpCAM antibody-maytansinoidconjugates on HCT15 cells.

FIG. 29 shows cytotoxicity of anti-EpCAM antibody-maytansinoidconjugates on COLO 205 mdr cells.

FIG. 30 shows in vivo anti-tumor activity of anti-EpCAMantibody-maytansinoid conjugates on HCT15 xenografts.

FIG. 31 shows in vivo anti-tumor activity of anti-EpCAMantibody-maytansinoid conjugates on COLO205 mdr xenografts.

FIG. 32 shows in vivo anti-tumor activity of anti-EpCAMantibody-maytansinoid conjugates on COLO 205 xenografts.

FIG. 33 shows in vivo anti-tumor activity of anti-CanAgantibody-maytansinoid conjugates on COLO 205 mdr xenografts.

FIG. 34 shows the binding of anti-CanAg antibody (huC242)-PEG24-Mal-DM1conjugate with up to 17 D/A.

FIG. 35 shows in vitro potency of Anti-CanAg antibody(huC242)-PEG24-Mal-DM1 conjugates with 4 to 17 D/A toward COLO 205cells.

FIG. 36 shows in vitro potency of anti-CanAg antibody(huC242)-PEG24-Mal-DM1 conjugates with 4 to 17 D/A toward multi-drugresistant (pgp+) COLO205-MDR cells.

FIG. 37 shows cytotoxicity of Anti-EGFR Antibody-Maytansinoid conjugateson UO-31 Cells.

FIG. 38 shows plasma pharmacokinetics of Antibody-PEG4-Mal-DM1 in CD-1mice: 38A Antibody-PEG4-Mal-DM1 conjugate with 6.7 D/A compared toAntibody-SMCC-DM1 conjugate with 4 D/A (initial i.v. dose 5 mg/kg); 38BAntibody-PEG4-Mal-(3H-labeled)DM1 conjugate with 3.3 D/A compared withunmodified antibody and Antibody-SMCC-(3H-labeled)DM1 conjugate with 4.2D/A (initial i.v. dose 10-12 mg/kg).

FIG. 39 shows a structural representation of a thiosuccinimidyl-linkedconjugate of the present invention (mAb=antibody, m=2-8).

FIG. 40 shows a structural representation of a thioacetamidyl-linkedconjugate of the present invention (mAb=antibody, m=2-8).

FIG. 41 shows a conjugation procedure for a thiosuccinimidyl-linkedconjugate prepared with compounds of the present invention(mAb=antibody, m=2-8).

FIG. 42 shows a conjugation procedure for a thioacetamidyl-linkedconjugate prepared with compounds of the present invention(mAb=antibody, m=2-8).

FIG. 43 shows a synthetic scheme for amine-reactive non-cleavablethiosuccinimidyl-linked compounds of the present invention, whichcontain a ring between the maleimide and NHS ester.

FIG. 44 shows a synthetic scheme for the preparation of theamine-reactive non-cleavable thiosuccinimidyl-linked compounds whichcontain a straight chain hydrocarbon between the maleimide and NHSester.

FIG. 45 shows mass spectrum (MS) of deglycosylated mAb-SMCC-DM1conjugate prepared with compounds of the present invention (3.42DM1/mAb, average).

FIG. 46 shows a synthetic scheme for the two step preparation of theamine-reactive thiosuccinimidyl-linked compounds which contain acycloalkyl group between the maleimide and NHS ester.

FIG. 47 shows a representative synthetic scheme for the two steppreparation of the amine-reactive non-cleavable thiosuccinimidyl-linkedcompounds containing a ring (E.G. a cycloakyl group) between themaleimide and NHS ester.

FIG. 48 shows a synthetic scheme for two step preparation ofnon-cleavable thioacetamidyl-linked compounds of the present invention.

FIG. 49 shows a synthetic scheme for the two step preparation ofnon-cleavable thioacetamidyl-linked compounds of the present invention.

FIG. 50 shows structures for non-cleavable thiosuccinimidyl-linkedconjugates of the present invention (mAb=antibody, m=2-8).

FIG. 51 shows conjugation procedure for a non-cleavablethiosuccinimidyl-linked conjugate prepared with compounds of the presentinvention (mAb=antibody, m=2-8).

FIG. 52 shows synthetic scheme for the preparation of thesulfhydryl-reactive non-cleavable thiosuccinimidyl-linked compounds ofthe present invention.

FIG. 53 shows the binding of anti-CanAg (huC242)-Mal-(CH₂)₆-Mal-DM1conjugate with 3.8 or D/A to antigen-positive COL205 cells.

FIG. 54 shows the in vitro potency of Anti-CanAg antibody(huC242)-Mal-(CH₂)₆-Mal-DM1 conjugate with 3.8 D/A towardantigen-positive COLO205 cells and against antigen-negative Namalwacells.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

This invention discloses the novel findings that conjugates ofcell-binding agents, such as an antibody, linked to drugs, for example,cytotoxic agents, by polyethylene glycol or polyethylene oxide linkers((—CH₂CH₂O)_(n)) exhibit several fold greater cytotoxicity toward targetcancer cells than expected based on comparison with traditionalcell-binding agent drug conjugates with typical aliphatic linkers andsimilar drug loads. Importantly, the conjugates described in thisinvention are highly potent or efficacious toward cancer cells that aremultidrug resistant (mdr), which have poor sensitivity to treatment withcytotoxic drugs. Cancer therapy poses the hurdle of overcomingmechanisms of drug resistance often encountered after multiple rounds oftreatment with different chemotherapeutic agents. One such mechanismobserved in cancer cells called multidrug resistance is caused byenhanced export of drugs by ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters (C.Drumond, B. I. Sikic, J. Clin. Oncology, 1999, 17, 1061-1070, G, Szokacset al., Nature Reviews, 5; 219-234, 2006). Therapies that overcome thesemechanisms of drug resistance, such as interfering with or overcomingthis efflux of drugs by cancer cells would be highly useful. Thecytotoxicity of the PEG-linked conjugates of cell-binding agents andcytotoxic drugs were evaluated against multidrug resistant cancer cellsto test if the PEG-linkers confer any advantage against these resistantcells. In these assays against mdr cells, the PEG linked conjugates ofcell-binding agents and cytotoxic drugs showed unexpectedly potent cellkilling of the mdr cells in comparison to the much less potentconjugates derived from conventional linkers. In addition, theconjugates of the present invention also display markedly higheranti-tumor activity in animal models established with multidrugresistant tumor cells.

The use of hydrophilic polyethylene glycol or polyethylene oxide linkers(PEG or PEO; (—CH₂CH₂O)_(n)) also allows the incorporation of arelatively large number of drugs per cell-binding agent molecule withthe high protein monomer level of greater than 90% at concentrations ofgreater than 1 mg/ml that are desired for therapeutic uses. Furthermore,the polyethylene glycol (PEG)-linked conjugates of cell-binding agentshaving a range of cytotoxic drug load (from a small value of 2 to alarge number such as 15 drugs linked per cell-binding agent) showedgreatly enhanced cytotoxicities toward target cancer cells than expectedfrom the stoichiometric increase in drug delivery based on increaseddrug load of the conjugates. Conjugates of cell-binding agent and drughaving PEG spacers are described in this invention, which exhibited thesuper-stoichiometric increase in cytotoxicity toward target cancer cellsby as much as a 260-650 fold enhancement in potency (see, for example,FIG. 29) as compared to traditionally prepared conjugates with similardrug loads.

Therefore, in one aspect of the invention, drugs with linkers having apolyethylene glycol spacer (—CH₂CH₂O)_(n) and a reactive group capableof reacting with a cell-binding agent are described.

Specifically contemplated in this aspect is a modified compound offormula (1) or a specific compound of formula (1′):

Z—X_(l)—(—CH₂—CH₂—O—)_(n)—Y_(p)-D  (1)

D-Y_(p)—(—CH₂—CH₂—O—)_(n)—X_(l)—Z  (1′)

wherein:Z represents a reactive functionality that can form an amide or athioether bond with a cell-binding agent;D represents a drug;X represents an aliphatic, an aromatic or a heterocyclic group attachedto the cell-binding agent via a thioether bond, an amide bond, acarbamate bond, or an ether bond;Y represents an aliphatic, an aromatic or a heterocyclic group attachedto the drug via a covalent bond selected from the group consisting of athioether bond, an amide bond, a carbamate bond, an ether bond, an aminebond, a carbon-carbon bond and a hydrazone bond;l is 0 or 1;p is 0 or 1; andn is an integer from 1 to 2000.

Preferably, the covalent bond that attaches Y to the drug is a thioetherbond or an amide bond.

Preferably n is an integer from 1 to 100. Even more preferably, n is aninteger from 1 to 14. In the most preferable aspect n is an integer from1 to 4.

In a second aspect of the invention, novel conjugates of cell-bindingagents and drugs with polyethylene glycol linkers (—CH₂CH₂O)_(n) aredescribed. These conjugates are more potent toward cancer cells thanconjugates with traditional linkers and equivalent drug loads.

Specifically contemplated in a preferred aspect is a conjugate of acell-binding agent and a drug of formula (2) or a specific compound offormula (2′):

CB—[X_(l)—(—CH₂—CH₂—O—)_(n)—Y_(p)-D]_(m)  (2)

[D-Y_(p)—(—CH₂—CH₂—O—)_(n)—X_(l)]_(m)—CB  (2′)

wherein:CB represents a cell-binding agent;D represents a drug;X represents an aliphatic, an aromatic or a heterocyclic group attachedto the cell-binding agent via a thioether bond, an amide bond, acarbamate bond, or an ether bond;Y represents an aliphatic, an aromatic, or a heterocyclic group attachedto the drug via a covalent bond selected from the group consisting of athioether bond, an amide bond, a carbamate bond, an ether bond, an aminebond, a carbon-carbon bond and a hydrazone bond;l is 0 or 1;p is 0 or 1; andm is an integer from 2 to 15; andn is an integer from 1 to 2000.

Preferably, the covalent bond is a thioether bond or an amide bond.

Preferably, m is an integer from 3 to 8.

Preferably n is an integer from 1 to 100. Even more preferably, n is aninteger from 1 to 14. In the most preferable aspect, n is an integerfrom 1 to 4.

The present invention is also based on the novel finding that in thecase of antibody conjugates, wherein the antibody is linked to cytotoxicdrugs via disulfide bonds, there is a critical correlation between thenumber of drugs linked and the length of the polyethylene glycol spacerin enhancing the potency or the efficacy of the immunoconjugate. Theadditional benefit of this linker design is the desired high monomerratio and the minimal aggregation of the antibody-drug conjugate. Thus,in one aspect, the present invention is based on the critical findingthat when the polyethylene glycol spacer for a disulfide-linkedconjugate consists of between 2 and 8 ethyleneoxy groups and the numberof drugs linked ranges from 3 to 8, it gives antibody-drug conjugatesthe highest biological potency or efficacy and also gives the desiredhigh monomer content.

In a preferred aspect, cytotoxic drugs linked via disulfide group(—S—S—) having short polyethylene glycol spacers ((CH₂CH₂O)_(n=1-14))with a functional group capable of reaction with a cell-binding agentare described.

Specifically contemplated in this aspect is a modified cytotoxiccompound of formula (3) or a specific compound of formula (3′):

Z—X_(l)—(—CH₂—CH₂O—)_(n)—Y-D  (3)

D-Y—(—CH₂—CH₂O—)_(n)—X_(l)—Z  (3′)

wherein;Z represents a reactive functionality that can form an amide or athioether bond with a cell-binding agent;D represents a drug;X represents an aliphatic, an aromatic or a heterocyclic group attachedto the cell-binding agent via a thioether bond, an amide bond, acarbamate bond, or an ether bond;Y represents an aliphatic, non-aromatic heterocyclic or aromaticheterocyclic group attached to the drug via a disulfide bond;l is 0 or 1; andn is an integer from 1 to 14.

Preferably, n is an integer from 2 to 8.

In another preferred aspect, conjugates of cell-binding agents and drugslinked via disulfide group (—S—S—) having polyethylene glycol spacers((CH₂CH₂O)_(n=1-14)) with a narrow range of drug load of 3-8 aredescribed that show relatively high potent biological activity towardcancer cells and have the desired biochemical properties of highconjugation yield and high monomer ratio with minimal proteinaggregation.

Specifically contemplated in this aspect is a cell-binding agent drugconjugate of formula (4) or a specific compound of formula (4′):

CB—(X_(l)—(—CH₂—CH₂O—)_(n)—Y-D)_(m)  (4)

[D-Y—(—CH₂—CH₂O—)_(n)—X_(l)]_(m)—CB  (4′)

wherein:CB represents a cell-binding agent;D represents a drug;X represents an aliphatic, an aromatic or a heterocyclic group attachedto the cell-binding agent via a thioether bond, an amide bond, acarbamate bond, or an ether bond;Y represents an aliphatic, an aromatic or a heterocyclic group attachedto the drug via a disulfide bond;l is 0 or 1;m is an integer from 3 to 8; andn is an integer from 1 to 14.

Preferably, m is an integer from 3 to 6.

Also, preferably, n is an integer from 2 to 8.

In this invention, drugs are lipophilic molecules, which when conjugatedto cell-binding agents such as antibodies often result in loss of yielddue to protein aggregation or precipitation. Increasing the number ofdrugs per cell-binding agent typically results in worse proteinaggregation and precipitation, and subsequent poor monomer percentageand low yields. In contrast to the typical conjugate behavior withconventional linkers, the PEG linkers result in a desirable improvementin monomer percentage (>90% monomer) and yield (>70%) of the conjugatesof cell-binding agents with drugs at high concentrations of 1 mg/ml orgreater that are useful for therapeutic applications. In addition, theseconjugates are stable upon prolonged storage at 4° C.

In the present invention, novel maytansinoids having a thioether moietythat bears a reactive group are disclosed such that those compounds arerepresented by the formula (5):

D′-Y′—V-Q-W—Z′  (5)

wherein:

V is an optional linear, branched or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl or alkynylgroup preferably having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms; more preferably alinear alkyl having 1-5 carbon atoms, and still more preferably V is aone carbon alkyl group (CH₂);

W is an optional linear, branched or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl or alkynylgroup having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms; more preferably having 2-8carbon atoms, still more preferably W is a cyclohexyl group;

D′ represents a sulfhydryl-bearing maytansinoid, and more preferably itis selected from DM1, DM3 and DM4;

Y′ represents a thioether bond

Q represents an optional aromatic or a heterocyclic moiety, andpreferably Q is absent

Z′ represents an amine reactive group or a thiol reactive group selectedfrom, but not limited to, a N-hydroxy succinimide ester,N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide ester, para or ortho-nitro phenyl ester,dinitrophenyl ester, pentafluorophenyl ester and sulfo-tetrafluorophenylester; a maleimide or a haloacetamide, more preferably Z is aN-hydroxysuccinimide, N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide ester or a maleimide.

In another embodiment, reactive maytansinoid derivatives bearing athioether moiety are prepared from a sulfhydryl-bearing maytansinoid(such as DM1 and DM4) and a heterobifunctional crosslinker. The reactionsequence is represented by formula (6):

D′+Y″—V-Q-W—Z′→D′-Y′—V-Q-W—Z′  (6)

wherein:

V is an optional linear, branched or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl or alkynylgroup preferably having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms; more preferably alinear alkyl having 1-5 carbon atoms, and still more preferably V is aone carbon alkyl group (CH₂);

W is an optional linear, branched or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl or alkynylgroup having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms; more preferably having 2-8carbon atoms, still more preferably W is a cyclohexyl group;

Y″ represents a thiol-reactive groups elected from maleimide orhaloacetamide, preferably a maleimide;

D′ represents a sulfhydryl-bearing maytansinoid, and more preferably itis selected from DM1, DM3 and DM4;

Y′ represents a thioether bond

Q represents an optional aromatic or a heterocyclic moiety, andpreferably Q is absent

Z′ represents an amine reactive group or a thiol reactive group selectedfrom, but not limited to, a N-hydroxy succinimide ester,N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide ester, para or ortho-nitro phenyl ester,dinitrophenyl ester, pentafluorophenyl ester and sulfo-tetrafluorophenylester; a maleimide or a haloacetamide, more preferably Z is aN-hydroxysuccinimide, N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide ester or a maleimide.

Y′ represents a thioether bond.

The invention also provides a process for the preparation of cytotoxicconjugates of maytansinoids and cell binding agents linked via anon-cleavable bond said process comprising reacting a cell binding agentwith a compound of formula Z′—W-Q-V—Y′-D′ to provide a cell bindingagent conjugate of formula CB—(Z″—W-Q-V—Y′-D′)_(m).

wherein:

W is an optional linear, branched or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl or alkynylgroup having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms; more preferably having 2-8carbon atoms, still more preferably W is a cyclohexyl group;

Q represents an optional aromatic or a heterocyclic moiety, andpreferably Q is absent;

V is an optional linear, branched or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl or alkynylgroup preferably having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms; more preferably alinear alkyl group having 1-5 carbon atoms, and still more preferably Vis a one carbon alkyl group (CH₂);

Y′ represents a thioether bond;

D′ represents a sulfhydryl-bearing maytansinoid, and more preferably itis selected from DM1, DM3 and DM4;

CB represents a cell binding agent selected from an antibody, a singlechain antibody, an antibody fragment, a peptide, growth factor, hormone,vitamin, or ankyrin repeat proteins (DARPins), preferably the cellbinding agent is an antibody or an antibody fragment or a Darpin;

Z′ represents an amine reactive group or a thiol reactive group selectedfrom, but not limited to, a N-hydroxy succinimide ester,N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide ester, para or ortho-nitro phenyl ester,dinitrophenyl ester, pentafluorophenyl ester and sulfo-tetrafluorophenylester; a maleimide or a haloacetamide, more preferably Z is aN-hydroxysuccinimide, N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide ester or a maleimide;

Z″ represents a thioether bond or an amide bond;

The process can be conducted by mixing a solution of the cell bindingagent, such as an antibody, in aqueous buffer, optionally containing upto 20% organic solvent. with the compound of formula Z′—W-Q-V—Y′-D′ inorganic solvent or a mixture of organic solvent and aqueous buffer orwater, and allowing the reaction to proceed for between 5 min to 72hours. The conjugate can be further purified by chromatography,dialysis, tangential flow filtration or a combination of these

In all aspects, an “aliphatic group” is defined as alkyl, alkenyl oralkynyl group. An alkyl group is an aliphatic hydrocarbon group whichmay be straight or branched, preferably having 1 to 20 carbon atoms inthe chain or cyclic, preferably having 3 to 10 carbon atoms. Morepreferred alkyl groups have 1 to 12 carbon atoms in the chain.“Branched” means that one or more lower alkyl groups such as methyl,ethyl or propyl are attached to a linear alkyl chain. Exemplary alkylgroups include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, t-butyl,n-pentyl, 3-pentyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl.

An alkenyl group is an aliphatic hydrocarbon group containing acarbon-carbon double bond and which may be straight or branched,preferably having 2 to 15 carbon atoms in the chain. More preferredalkenyl groups have 2 to 12 carbon atoms in the chain; and morepreferably about 2 to 4 carbon atoms in the chain. Exemplary alkenylgroups include ethenyl, propenyl, n-butenyl, i-butenyl,3-methylbut-2-enyl, n-pentenyl, heptenyl, octenyl, nonenyl, decenyl.

An alkynyl group is an aliphatic hydrocarbon group containing acarbon-carbon triple bond and which may be straight or branched,preferably having 2 to 15 carbon atoms in the chain. More preferredalkynyl groups have 2 to 12 carbon atoms in the chain; and morepreferably 2 to 4 carbon atoms in the chain. Exemplary alkynyl groupsinclude ethynyl, propynyl, n-butynyl, 2-butynyl, 3-methylbutynyl,n-pentynyl, heptynyl, octynyl and decynyl.

As used herein, the term “aromatic group” means a substituted orunsubstituted aryl group consisting of an aromatic monocyclic ormulticyclic hydrocarbon ring system of 6 to 14 carbon atoms, preferablyof 6 to 10 carbon atoms. Exemplary aryl groups include phenyl andnaphthyl. Substituents include, but are not limited to, alkyl groups,halogens, nitro, amino, hydroxyl and alkoxy groups.

Halogens include fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine atoms. Fluorineand chlorine atoms are preferred.

As used herein, the term “heterocyclic group” refers to a saturated,partially unsaturated or unsaturated, non-aromatic stable 3 to 14,preferably 5 to 10 membered mono, bi or multicyclic rings wherein atleast one member of the ring is a hetero atom, or an aromatic,preferably 5 to 10 membered mono-, bi- or multicyclic ring having atleast one hetero atom. Typically, hetero atoms include, but are notlimited to, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, selenium, and phosphorus atoms.Preferable hetero atoms are oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur.

Preferred heterocyclic groups include, but are not limited to,pyrrolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, oxiranyl,tetrahydrofuranyl, dioxolanyl, tetrahydro-pyranyl, dioxanyl, dioxolanyl,piperidyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, pyranyl, imidazolinyl, pyrrolinyl,pyrazolinyl, thiazolidinyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl, dithianyl,thiomorpholinyl, dihydro-pyranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, dihydropyranyl,tetrahydro-pyridyl, dihydropyridyl, tetrahydropyrimidinyl,dihydrothiopyranyl, azepanyl, pyrrolyl, pyridyl, pyrazolyl, thienyl,pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, tetrazolyl, indolyl, quinolinyl, purinyl,imidazolyl, thienyl, thiazolyl, benzothiazolyl, furanyl, benzofuranyl,1,2,4-thiadiazolyl, isothiazolyl, triazoyl, tetrazolyl, isoquinolyl,benzothienyl, isobenzofuryl, pyrazolyl, carbazolyl, benzimidazolyl, andisoxazolyl, pyridyl-N-oxide, as well as fused systems resulting from thecondensation with a phenyl group.

The aliphatic, aromatic and heterocyclic groups represented by X and Ycan also possess a charged substituent. The charged substituent can benegatively charged selected from, but not limited to carboxylate,sulfonate and phosphates, or positively charged selected from a tertiaryor quaternary amino group.

As used herein, the expression “linked to a cell-binding agent” refersto the conjugate molecule comprising at least one drug derivative boundto a cell-binding agent via a suitable linking group, or a precursorthereof. Preferred linking groups are thiol or disulfide bonds, orprecursors thereof.

As used herein, “precursor” of a given group refers to any group whichmay lead to that group by any deprotection, chemical modification, orcoupling reaction. For example a precursor could be an appropriatelyprotected functionality exemplified by a thioester or thioether as athiol precursor.

As used herein, the term “reactive functionality” refers to an amine-, athiol- or a hydroxyl-reactive functionality. In other words, thereactive functionality can react with amine, sulfhydryl (thiol), orhydroxyl group present on cell-binding agent. For example, foramine-reactive functionality, the functionality could be a reactivecarboxylic ester (including N-succinimidyl, N-sulfosuccinimidyl,N-phthalimidyl, N-sulfophthalimidyl, 2-nitrophenyl, 4-nitrophenyl,2,4-dinitrophenyl, 3-sulfo-4-nitrophenyl, 3-carboxy-4-nitrophenyl,tetrafluorophenyl esters), a reactive sulfonic acid derivative, or areactive thioester to give an amide bond; for thiol-reactivefunctionality, the functionality could be a maleimide, a haloacetamide,or a vinyl sulfone to give a thioehter bond; and, for hydroxyl-reactivefunctionality, the functionality could be a reactive carboxylic ester togive an ester bond.

A. Modified Drugs and Modified Cell Binding Agents Having HydrophilicLinkers

A linker is any chemical moiety that is capable of linking a drug, suchas a maytansinoid, to a cell-binding agent in a stable, covalent manner.Linkers can be susceptible to or be substantially resistant toacid-induced cleavage, light-induced cleavage, peptidase-inducedcleavage, esterase-induced cleavage, and disulfide bond cleavage, atconditions under which the drug or the cell-binding agent remainsactive. FIGS. 1, 2 and 3 exemplarily provide structural representationsof conjugates of the present invention.

Suitable crosslinking reagents comprising hydrophilic PEG chains thatform linkers between a drug and the cell-binding agent are well known inthe art, or are commercially available (for example from QuantaBiodesign, Powell, Ohio). Suitable PEG-containing crosslinkers can alsobe synthesized from commercially available PEGs themselves usingstandard synthetic chemistry techniques known to one skilled in the art.The drugs can be reacted with bifunctional PEG-containing cross linkersto give compounds of formula (1), Z—X_(l)—(—CH₂—CH₂—O—)_(n)—Y_(p)-D, bymethods described herein. For example, a thiol-containing maytansinoiddrug can be reacted with a bis-maleimido crosslinking agent having a PEGspacer to give a maytansinoid drug linked via a thioether bond to thePEG spacer (see for example FIG. 13). This modified maytansinoid havinga PEG spacer and a terminal maleimido group can then be reacted with acell binding agent as shown for example in FIG. 14, to provide a cellbinding agent-drug conjugate of formula (2) of the present invention.

Alternatively, the cell binding agent can be first reacted at one end ofthe bifunctional PEG containing cross linker bearing an amine reactivegroup, such as a N-hydroxysuccinimide ester. to give a modified cellbinding agent covalently bonded to the linker through an amide bond (seefor example FIG. 15). In the next step the maytansinoid reacts with themaleimido substituent on the other end of the PEG spacer to give acell-binding agent-drug conjugate of the present invention.

FIGS. 16 and 17 shows by means of exemplification the synthesis of a PEGcross linking agent and its reaction with maytansinoid through athioacetamido link. A maleimido substituent is then incorporated intothe PEG to enable reaction with a cell binding agent via a thioetherbond. Alternatively, as shown for example in FIG. 18, the cell bindingagent is first linked to the PEG crosslinker through a thioether bond.The modified cell binding agent is then reacted with a maytansinoid drugto give a conjugate. The synthesis of a homobifunctional PEGcrosslinker, wherein both ends of the PEG spacer contain aniodoacetamido moiety that enable linkage of both the cytotoxic drug andthe cell binding agent via thioether bonds to give a conjugatecontaining a hydrophilic PEG spacer is shown for example in FIG. 19. Theconjugation procedure to provide conjugates of the present invention isshown for example in FIGS. 20 and 21.

One skilled in the art will realize that other PEG-containingcrosslinkers bearing various reactive groups can be readily synthesizedby methods described herein. For example, a drug bearing a hydroxylgroup, such as 19-demethylmaytansinoids (U.S. Pat. No. 4,361,650) can bereacted with the iodo-acetyl-PEG linker (FIG. 5) in the presence of abase, such as potassium carbonate, to link the maytansinoid via an etherbond. Similarly, an amine-containing maytansinoid (synthesized asdescribed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,301,019) can be reacted with an iodoacetylPEG (shown in FIG. 5), in the presence of a base, such as pyridine ortriethylamine, to provide a maytansinoid linked to the PEG via a aminelink. For linkage of a drug to the PEG via an amide bond, thecarboxy-PEG (shown in FIG. 5) can be reacted with an amine-containingmaytansinoid in the presence of a condensing agent, such asdicycicohexylcarbodiimide, to provide an amide bonded PEG-maytansinoid.In order to link the drug to the PEG spacer via a carbamate link, thePEG is first reacted with diphosgene to provide a PEG chloroformate,which can then be reacted with an amine-containing maytansinoid, in thepresence of a base such as triethylamine, to give a carbamate linkedPEG-maytansinoid.

Examples of suitable linkers include linkers having an N-succinimidylester or N-sulfosuccinimidyl ester moiety for reaction with thecell-binding agent, as well as a maleimido- or haloacetyl-based moietyfor reaction with the drug. A PEG spacer can be incorporated into anycrosslinker known in the art by the methods described herein.Crosslinking reagents comprising a maleimido-based moiety that can beincorporated with a PEG spacer include, but is not limited to,N-succinimidyl 4-(maleimidomethyl)cyclohexanecarboxylate (SMCC),N-succinimidyl-4-(N-maleimidomethyl)-cyclohexane-1-carboxy-(6-amidocaproate),which is a “long chain” analog of SMCC (LC-SMCC), κ-maleimidoundecanoicacid N-succinimidyl ester (KMUA), γ-maleimidobutyric acid N-succinimidylester (GMBS), ε-maleimidocaproic acid N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (EMCS),m-maleimidobenzoyl-N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (MBS),N-(α-maleimidoacetoxy)-succinimide ester (AMAS),succinimidyl-6-(β-maleimidopropionamido)hexanoate (SMPH), N-succinimidyl4-(p-maleimidophenyl)-butyrate (SMPB), andN-(p-maleimidophenyl)isocyanate (PMPI). Cross-linking reagentscomprising a haloacetyl-based moiety includeN-succinimidyl-4-(iodoacetyl)-aminobenzoate (SIAB), N-succinimidyliodoacetate (SIA), N-succinimidyl bromoacetate (SBA), and N-succinimidyl3-(bromoacetamido)propionate (SBAP).

Other crosslinking reagents lacking a sulfur atom can also be used inthe inventive method. Such linkers can be derived from dicarboxylic acidbased moieties. Suitable dicarboxylic acid based moieties include, butare not limited to, α,ω-dicarboxylic acids of the general formula shownbelow:

HOOC-A′_(p)-E′_(q)-(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)G′_(r)-COOH

wherein A′ is an optional linear or branched alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynylgroup having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, E′ is an optional cycloalkyl orcycloalkenyl group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms, G′ is an optionalsubstituted or unsubstituted aromatic group bearing 6 to 10 carbonatoms, or a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group wherein thehetero atom is selected from N, O or S, and wherein p, q and r are each0 or 1, provided that p, q, and r are all not zero at the same time, nis an integer from 1 to 2000.

Many of the linkers disclosed herein are described in detail in U.S.Patent Publication No. 20050169933.

In another aspect of the invention, the cell-binding agent is modifiedby reacting a bifunctional crosslinking reagent with the cell-bindingagent, thereby resulting in the covalent attachment of a linker moleculeto the cell-binding agent. As used herein, a “bifunctional crosslinkingreagent” is any chemical moiety that covalently links a cell-bindingagent to a drug, such as the drugs described herein. In a preferredaspect of the invention, a portion of the linking moiety is provided bythe drug. In this respect, the drug comprises a linking moiety that ispart of a larger linker molecule that is used to join the cell-bindingagent to the drug. For example, to form the maytansinoid DM1, the sidechain at the C-3 hydroxyl group of maytansine is modified to have a freesulfhydryl group (SH). This thiolated form of maytansine can react witha modified cell-binding agent to form a conjugate. Therefore, the finallinker is assembled from two components, one of which is provided by thecrosslinking reagent, while the other is provided by the side chain fromDM1.

In another aspect of the invention, the drug is linked to a cell-bindingagent through a disulfide bond. The linker molecule comprises a reactivechemical group that can react with the cell-binding agent. Preferredreactive chemical groups for reaction with the cell-binding agent areN-succinimidyl esters and N-sulfosuccinimidyl esters. Additionally thelinker molecule comprises a reactive chemical group, preferably adithiopyridyl group that can react with the drug to form a disulfidebond. Particularly preferred linker molecules include, for example,N-succinimidyl 3-(2-pyridyldithio) propionate (SPDP) (see, e.g.,Carlsson et al., Biochem. J., 173: 723-737 (1978)), N-succinimidyl4-(2-pyridyldithio)butanoate (SPDB) (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No.4,563,304), N-succinimidyl 4-(2-pyridyldithio)pentanoate (SPP) (see,e.g., CAS Registry number 341498-08-6), and other reactivecross-linkers, such as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,913,748, whichis incorporated herein in its entirety by reference.

Alternatively, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,441,163 B1, the drug canbe first modified to introduce a reactive ester suitable to react with acell-binding agent. Reaction of these drugs containing an activatedlinker moiety with a cell-binding agent provides another method ofproducing a cell-binding agent drug conjugate. For linkage of siRNA's,siRNAs can be linked to the crosslinkers of the present invention bymethods commonly used for the modification of oligonucleotides (see, forexample, US Patent Publications 20050107325 and 20070213292). Thus thesiRNA in its 3′ or 5′-phosphoramidite form is reacted with one end ofthe crosslinker bearing a hydroxyl functionality to give an ester bondbetween the siRNA and the crosslinker. Similarly reaction of the siRNAphosphoramidite with a crosslinker bearing a terminal amino groupresults in linkage of the crosslinker to the siRNA through an amine.

B. Cell-Binding Agents

The cell-binding agents used in this invention are proteins (e.g.,immunoglobulin and non-immunoglobulin proteins) that bind specificallyto target antigens on cancer cells. These cell-binding agents includethe following:

antibodies including:

-   -   resurfaced antibodies (U.S. Pat. No. 5,639,641);    -   humanized or fully human antibodies (Humanized or fully human        antibodies are selected from, but not limited to, huMy9-6, huB4,        huC242, huN901, DS6, CD38, IGF-IR, CNTO 95, B-B4, trastuzumab,        bivatuzumab, sibrotuzumab, pertuzumab and rituximab (see, e.g.,        U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,639,641, 5,665,357, and 7,342,110; U.S.        Provisional Patent Application No. 60/424,332, International        Patent Application WO 02/16,401, U.S. Patent Publication Number        20060045877, U.S. Patent Publication Number 20060127407, U.S.        Patent Publication No. 20050118183, Pedersen et al., (1994)J.        Mol. Biol. 235, 959-973, Roguska et al., (1994) Proceedings of        the National Academy of Sciences, Vol 91, 969-973, Colomer et        al., Cancer Invest., 19: 49-56 (2001), Heider et al., Eur. J.        Cancer, 31A: 2385-2391 (1995), Welt et al., J. Clin. Oncol., 12:        1193-1203 (1994), and Maloney et al., Blood, 90: 2188-2195        (1997).); and    -   epitope binding fragments of antibodies such as sFv, Fab, Fab′,        and F(ab′)₂ (Parham, J. Immunol. 131:2895-2902 (1983); Spring et        al, J. Immunol. 113:470-478 (1974); Nisonoff et al, Arch.        Biochem. Biophys. 89:230-244 (1960)).

Additional cell-binding agents include other cell-binding proteins andpolypeptides exemplified by, but not limited to:

Ankyrin repeat proteins (DARPins; Zahnd et al., J. Biol. Chem., 281, 46,35167-35175, (2006); Binz, H. K., Amstutz, P. & Pluckthun, A. (2005)Nature Biotechnology, 23, 1257-1268) or ankyrin-like repeats proteins orsynthetic peptides described, for example, in U.S. Patent PublicationNo. 20070238667; U.S. Pat. No. 7,101,675; WO/2007/147213; andWO/2007/062466);

interferons (e.g. α, β, γ);

lymphokines such as IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-6;

hormones such as insulin, TRH (thyrotropin releasing hormones), MSH(melanocyte-stimulating hormone), steroid hormones, such as androgensand estrogens; and

growth factors and colony-stimulating factors such as EGF, TGF-α, IGF-1,G-CSF, M-CSF and GM-CSF (Burgess, Immunology Today 5:155-158 (1984)).

Where the cell-binding agent is an antibody, it binds to an antigen thatis a polypeptide and may be a transmembrane molecule (e.g. receptor) ora ligand such as a growth factor. Exemplary antigens include moleculessuch as renin; a growth hormone, including human growth hormone andbovine growth hormone; growth hormone releasing factor; parathyroidhormone; thyroid stimulating hormone; lipoproteins; alpha-1-antitrypsin;insulin A-chain; insulin B-chain; proinsulin; follicle stimulatinghormone; calcitonin; luteinizing hormone; glucagon; clotting factorssuch as factor vmc, factor IX, tissue factor (TF), and von Willebrandsfactor; anti-clotting factors such as Protein C; atrial natriureticfactor; lung surfactant; a plasminogen activator, such as urokinase orhuman urine or tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA); bombesin;thrombin; hemopoietic growth factor; tumor necrosis factor-alpha and-beta; enkephalinase; RANTES (regulated on activation normally T-cellexpressed and secreted); human macrophage inflammatory protein(MIP-1-alpha); a serum albumin, such as human serum albumin;Muellerian-inhibiting substance; relaxin A-chain; relaxin B-chain;prorelaxin; mouse gonadotropin-associated peptide; a microbial protein,such as beta-lactamase; DNase; IgE; a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associatedantigen (CTLA), such as CTLA-4; inhibin; activin; vascular endothelialgrowth factor (VEGF); receptors for hormones or growth factors; proteinA or D; rheumatoid factors; a neurotrophic factor such as bone-derivedneurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin-3, -4, -5, or -6 (NT-3, NT4,NT-5, or NT-6), or a nerve growth factor such as NGF-β; platelet-derivedgrowth factor (PDGF); fibroblast growth factor such as aFGF and bFGF;epidermal growth factor (EGF); transforming growth factor (TGF) such asTGF-alpha and TGF-beta, including TGF-β1, TGF-β2, TGF-β3, TGF-β4, orTGF-β5; insulin-like growth factor-I and -II (IGF-I and IGF-II);des(1-3)-IGF-I (brain IGF-I), insulin-like growth factor bindingproteins, EpCAM, GD3, FLT3, PSMA, PSCA, MUC1, MUC16, STEAP, CEA, TENB2,EphA receptors, EphB receptors, folate receptor, FOLR1, mesothelin,cripto, alpha_(v)beta₆, integrins, VEGF, VEGFR, tarnsferrin receptor,IRTA1, IRTA2, IRTA3, IRTA4, IRTA5; CD proteins such as CD2, CD3, CD4,CD5, CD6, CD8, CD11, CD14, CD19, CD20, CD21, CD22, CD23, CD25, CD26,CD28, CD30, CD33, CD36, CD37, CD38, CD40, CD44, CD52, CD55, CD56, CD59,CD70, CD79, CD80, CD81, CD103, CD105, CD134, CD137, CD138, CD152;erythropoietin; osteoinductive factors; immunotoxins; a bonemorphogenetic protein (BMP); an interferon, such as interferon-alpha,-beta, and -gamma; colony stimulating factors (CSFs), e.g., M-CSF,GM-CSF, and G-CSF; interleukins (ILs), e.g., IL-1 to IL-10; superoxidedismutase; T-cell receptors; surface membrane proteins; decayaccelerating factor; viral antigen such as, for example, a portion ofthe HIV envelope; transport proteins; homing receptors; addressins;regulatory proteins; integrins, such as CD11a, CD11b, CD11c, CD18, anICAM, VLA-4 and VCAM; a tumor associated antigen such as HER2, HER3 orHER4 receptor; and fragments of any of the above-listed polypeptides,antibody mimics Adnectins (US appl 20070082365), or an antibody whichbinds to one or more tumor-associated antigens or cell-surface receptorsdisclosed in US Publication No. 20080171040 or US Publication No.20080305044 and are incorporated in their entirety by reference.

Additionally, GM-CSF, which binds to myeloid cells can be used as acell-binding agent to diseased cells from acute myelogenous leukemia.IL-2 which binds to activated T-cells can be used for prevention oftransplant graft rejection, for therapy and prevention ofgraft-versus-host disease, and for treatment of acute T-cell leukemia.MSH, which binds to melanocytes, can be used for the treatment ofmelanoma. Folic acid can be used to target the folate receptor expressedon ovarian and other tumors. Epidermal growth factor can be used totarget squamous cancers such as lung and head and neck. Somatostatin canbe used to target neuroblastomas and other tumor types.

Cancers of the breast and testes can be successfully targeted withestrogen (or estrogen analogues) or androgen (or androgen analogues)respectively as cell-binding agents.

Preferred antigens for antibodies encompassed by the present inventioninclude CD proteins such as CD2, CD3, CD4, CD5, CD6, CD8, CD11, CD14,CD18, CD19, CD20, CD 21, CD22, CD 25, CD26, CD27, CD28, CD30, CD33,CD36, CD37, CD38, CD40, CD44, CD52, CD55, CD56, CD70, CD79, CD80, CD81,CD103, CD105, CD134, CD137, CD138, and CD152; members of the ErbBreceptor family such as the EGF receptor, HER2, HER3 or HER4 receptor;cell adhesion molecules such as LFA-1, Mac1, p150.95, VLA-4, ICAM-1,VCAM, EpCAM, alpha4/beta7 integrin, and alpha v/beta3 integrin includingeither alpha or beta subunits thereof (e.g. anti-CD11a, anti-CD18 oranti-CD11b antibodies); growth factors such as VEGF; tissue factor (TF);TGF-β.; alpha interferon (alpha-IFN); an interleukin, such as IL-8; IgE;blood group antigens Apo2, death receptor; flk2/flt3 receptor; obesity(OB) receptor; mpl receptor; CTLA-4; protein C etc. The most preferredtargets herein are IGF-IR, CanAg, EphA2, MUC1, MUC16, VEGF, TF, CD19,CD20, CD22, CD27, CD33, CD37, CD38, CD40, CD44, CD56, CD138, CA6,Her2/neu, EpCAM, CRIPTO (a protein produced at elevated levels in amajority of human breast cancer cells), darpins, alpha_(v)/beta₃integrin, alpha_(v)/beta₅ integrin, alpha_(v)/beta₆ integrin, TGF-β,CD11a, CD 18, Apo2 and C242 or an antibody which binds to one or moretumor-associated antigens or cell-surface receptors disclosed in USPublication No. 20080171040 or US Publication No. 20080305044 and areincorporated in their entirety by reference.

Preferred antigens for antibodies encompassed by the present inventionalso include CD proteins such as CD3, CD4, CD8, CD19, CD20, CD27, CD34,CD37, CD38, CD46, CD56, CD70 and CD138; members of the ErbB receptorfamily such as the EGF receptor, HER2, HER3 or HER4 receptor; celladhesion molecules such as LFA-1, Mac1, p150.95, VLA-4, ICAM-1, VCAM,EpCAM, alpha4/beta7 integrin, and alpha v/beta3 integrin includingeither alpha or beta subunits thereof (e.g. anti-CD11a, anti-CD18 oranti-CD11b antibodies); growth factors such as VEGF; tissue factor (TF);TGF-β.; alpha interferon (alpha-IFN); an interleukin, such as IL-8; IgE;blood group antigens Apo2, death receptor; flk2/flt3 receptor; obesity(OB) receptor; mpl receptor; CTLA-4; protein C, etc. The most preferredtargets herein are IGF-IR, CanAg, EGF-R, EGF-RvIII, EphA2, MUC1, MUC16,VEGF, TF, CD19, CD20, CD22, CD27, CD33, CD37, CD38, CD40, CD44, CD56,CD70, CD138, CA6, Her2/neu, CRIPTO (a protein produced at elevatedlevels in a majority of human breast cancer cells), alpha_(v)/beta₃integrin, alpha_(v)/beta₅ integrin, TGF-β, CD11a, CD18, Apo2, EpCAM andC242.

Monoclonal antibody techniques allow for the production of specificcell-binding agents in the form of monoclonal antibodies. Particularlywell known in the art are techniques for creating monoclonal antibodiesproduced by immunizing mice, rats, hamsters or any other mammal with theantigen of interest such as the intact target cell, antigens isolatedfrom the target cell, whole virus, attenuated whole virus, and viralproteins such as viral coat proteins. Sensitized human cells can also beused. Another method of creating monoclonal antibodies is the use ofphage libraries of sFv (single chain variable region), specificallyhuman sFv (see, e.g., Griffiths et al, U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,793;McCafferty et al, WO 92/01047; Liming et al, WO 99/06587.)

Selection of the appropriate cell-binding agent is a matter of choicethat depends upon the particular cell population that is to be targeted,but in general monoclonal antibodies and epitope binding fragmentsthereof are preferred, if an appropriate one is available.

For example, the monoclonal antibody My9 is a murine IgG_(2a) antibodythat is specific for the CD33 antigen found on Acute Myeloid Leukemia(AML) cells (Roy et al. Blood 77:2404-2412 (1991)) and can be used totreat AML patients. Similarly, the monoclonal antibody anti-B4 is amurine IgG₁ that binds to the CD19 antigen on B cells (Nadler et al, J.Immunol. 131:244-250 (1983)) and can be used if the target cells are Bcells or diseased cells that express this antigen such as innon-Hodgkin's lymphoma or chronic lymphoblastic leukemia. The antibodyN901 is a murine monoclonal IgG₁ antibody that binds to CD56 found onsmall cell lung carcinoma cells and on cells of other tumors ofneuroendocrine origin (Roy et al. J. Nat. Cancer Inst. 88:1136-1145(1996)); huC242 is an antibody that binds to the CanAg antigen;Trastuzumab is an antibody that binds to HER2/neu; and anti-EGF receptorantibody binds to EGF receptor.

C. Drugs

The drugs used in this invention are cytotoxic drugs capable of beinglinked to a cell-binding agent. Examples of suitable drugs includemaytansinoids, DNA-binding drugs such as CC-1065 and its analogs,calicheamicins, doxorubicin and its analogs, vinca alkaloids,cryptophycins, dolastatin, auristatin and analogs thereof, tubulysin,epothilones, taxoids and siRNA.

Preferred maytansinoids are those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,208,020;5,416,064; 6,333.410; 6,441,163; 6,716,821; RE39,151 and 7,276,497.Preferred CC-1065 analogs are those described in U.S. Pat. Nos.5,475,092; 5,595,499; 5,846,545; 6,534,660; 6,586,618; 6,756,397 and7,049,316. Preferred doxorubicins and it analogs are those described inU.S. Pat. No. 6,630,579. Preferred taxoids are those described in U.S.Pat. Nos. 6,340,701; 6,372,738; 6,436,931; 6,596,757; 6,706,708;7,008,942; 7,217,819 and 7,276,499. Calicheamaicins are described inU.S. Pat. Nos. 5,714,586 and 5,739,116.

Vinca alkaloid compounds, dolastatin compounds, and cryptophycincompounds are describe in detail in WO01/24763. Auristatin includeauristatin E, auristatin EB (AEB), auristatin EFP (AEFP), monomethylauristatin E (MMAE) and are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,635,483, Int.J. Oncol. 15:367-72 (1999); Molecular Cancer Therapeutics, vol. 3, No.8, pp. 921-932 (2004); U.S. application Ser. No. 11/134,826. U.S. PatentPublication Nos. 20060074008, 2006022925. Tubulysin compounds aredescribed in U.S. Patent Publication Nos. 20050249740. Cryptophycincompounds are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,680,311 and 6,747,021.Epothilones are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,956,036 and 6,989,450.

siRNA is described in detail in U.S. Patent Publication Numbers:20070275465, 20070213292, 20070185050, 20070161595, 20070054279,20060287260, 20060035254, 20060008822, 20050288244, 20050176667.

Analogues and Derivatives

One skilled in the art of cytotoxic agents will readily understand thateach of the cytotoxic agents described herein can be modified in such amanner that the resulting compound still retains the specificity and/oractivity of the starting compound. The skilled artisan will alsounderstand that many of these compounds can be used in place of thecytotoxic agents described herein. Thus, the cytotoxic agents of thepresent invention include analogues and derivatives of the compoundsdescribed herein.

The cell-binding agent can be conjugated to the cytotoxic drugs bymethods previously described (U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,013,748; 6,441,1631, and6,716,821; U.S. Patent Publication No. 20050169933; and WO2006/034488A2).

D. Therapeutic Use

The cell-binding agent drug conjugates (e.g., immunoconjugates) of thisinvention can also be used in combination with chemotherapeutic agents.Such chemotherapeutic agents are described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,303,749.

The cell-binding agent drug conjugates (e.g., immunoconjugates) of thepresent invention can be administered in vitro, in vivo and/or ex vivoto treat patients and/or to modulate the growth of selected cellpopulations including, for example, cancer of the lung, blood, plasma,breast, colon, prostate, kidney, pancreas, brain, bones, ovary, testes,and lymphatic organs; autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus,rheumatoid arthritis, and multiple sclerosis; graft rejections, such asrenal transplant rejection, liver transplant rejection, lung transplantrejection, cardiac transplant rejection, and bone marrow transplantrejection; graft versus host disease; viral infections, such as CMVinfection, HIV infection, and AIDS; and parasite infections, such asgiardiasis, amoebiasis, schistosomiasis, and the like. Preferably, theimmunoconjugates and chemotherapeutic agents of the invention areadministered in vitro, in vivo and/or ex vivo to treat cancer in apatient and/or to modulate the growth of cancer cells, including, forexample, cancer of the blood, plasma, lung, breast, colon, prostate,kidney, pancreas, brain, bones, ovary, testes, and lymphatic organs;more preferably lung, colon prostrate, plasma, blood or colon cancer. Ina most preferred aspect, the cancer is multiple myeloma.

“Modulating the growth of selected cell populations” includes inhibitingthe proliferation of selected cell populations (e.g., multiple myelomacell populations, such as MOLP-8 cells, OPM2 cells, H929 cells, and thelike) from dividing to produce more cells; reducing the rate of increasein cell division as compared, for example, to untreated cells; killingselected cell populations; and/or preventing selected cell populations(such as cancer cells) from metastasizing. The growth of selected cellpopulations can be modulated in vitro, in vivo or ex vivo.

In the methods of the present invention, the cell-binding agent drugconjugates (e.g., immunoconjugates) can be administered in vitro, invivo, or ex vivo. The cell-binding agent drug conjugates (e.g.,immunoconjugates) can be used with suitable pharmaceutically acceptablecarriers, diluents, and/or excipients, which are well known, and can bedetermined, by one of skill in the art as the clinical situationwarrants. Examples of suitable carriers, diluents and/or excipientsinclude: (1) Dulbecco's phosphate buffered saline, pH about 6.5, whichwould contain about 1 mg/ml to 25 mg/ml human serum albumin, (2) 0.9%saline (0.9% w/v NaCl), and (3) 5% (w/v) dextrose.

The compounds and compositions described herein may be administered inappropriate form, preferably parenterally, more preferablyintravenously. For parenteral administration, the compounds orcompositions can be aqueous or nonaqueous sterile solutions, suspensionsor emulsions. Propylene glycol, vegetable oils and injectable organicesters, such as ethyl oleate, can be used as the solvent or vehicle. Thecompositions can also contain adjuvants, emulsifiers or dispersants.

The compositions can also be in the form of sterile solid compositionsthat can be dissolved or dispersed in sterile water or any otherinjectable sterile medium.

The “therapeutically effective amount” of the cell-binding agent drugconjugates (e.g., immunoconjugates) described herein refers to thedosage regimen for modulating the growth of selected cell populationsand/or treating a patient's disease, and is selected in accordance witha variety of factors, including the age, weight, sex, diet and medicalcondition of the patient, the severity of the disease, the route ofadministration, and pharmacological considerations, such as theactivity, efficacy, pharmacokinetic and toxicology profiles of theparticular compound used. The “therapeutically effective amount” canalso be determined by reference to standard medical texts, such as thePhysicians Desk Reference 2004. The patient is preferably an animal,more preferably a mammal, most preferably a human. The patient can bemale or female, and can be an infant, child or adult.

Examples of suitable protocols of cell-binding agent drug conjugates(e.g., immunoconjugate) administration are as follows. The conjugatescan be given daily for about 5 days either as an i.v., bolus each dayfor about 5 days, or as a continuous infusion for about 5 days.

Alternatively, the conjugates can be administered once a week for sixweeks or longer. As another alternative, the conjugates can beadministered once every two or three weeks. Bolus doses are given inabout 50 to about 400 ml of normal saline to which about 5 to about 10ml of human serum albumin can be added. Continuous infusions are givenin about 250 to about 500 ml of normal saline, to which about 25 toabout 50 ml of human serum albumin can be added, per 24 hour period.Dosages will be about 10 pg to about 1000 mg/kg per person, i.v. (rangeof about 100 ng to about 100 mg/kg).

About one to about four weeks after treatment, the patient can receive asecond course of treatment. Specific clinical protocols with regard toroute of administration, excipients, diluents, dosages, and times can bedetermined by the skilled artisan as the clinical situation warrants.

The compounds and conjugates (e.g., immunoconjugates) can also be usedfor the manufacture of a medicament useful for treating or lessening theseverity of disorders, such as, characterized by abnormal growth ofcells (e.g., cancer).

The present invention also provides pharmaceutical kits comprising oneor more containers filled with one or more of the ingredients of thepharmaceutical compounds and/or compositions of the present invention,including, one or more immunoconjugates and one or more chemotherapeuticagents. Such kits can also include, for example, other compounds and/orcompositions, a device(s) for administering the compounds and/orcompositions, and written instructions in a form prescribed by agovernmental agency regulating the manufacture, use or sale ofpharmaceuticals or biological products.

Cancer therapies and their dosages, routes of administration andrecommended usage are known in the art and have been described in suchliterature as the Physician's Desk Reference (PDR). The PDR disclosesdosages of the agents that have been used in treatment of variouscancers. The dosing regimen and dosages of these aforementionedchemotherapeutic drugs that are therapeutically effective will depend onthe particular cancer being treated, the extent of the disease and otherfactors familiar to the physician of skill in the art and can bedetermined by the physician. For example, the 2006 edition of thePhysician's Desk Reference discloses that Taxotere (see p. 2947) is aninhibitor of tubulin depolymerization; Doxorubicin (see p 786), Doxil(see p 3302) and oxaliplatin (see p 2908) are DNA interacting agents,Irinotecal (see p. 2602) is a Topoisomerase I inhibitor, Erbitux (see p937) and Tarceva (see p 2470) interact with the epidermal growth factorreceptor. The contents of the PDR are expressly incorporated herein intheir entirety by reference. One of skill in the art can review the PDR,using one or more of the following parameters, to determine dosingregimen and dosages of the chemotherapeutic agents and conjugates thatcan be used in accordance with the teachings of this invention. Theseparameters include:

1. Comprehensive Index a) by Manufacturer

b) Products (by company's or trademarked drug name)c) Category index (for example, “antihistamines”, “DNA alkylatingagents,” taxanes etc.)d) Generic/chemical index (non-trademark common drug names)

2. Color Images of Medications

3. Product Information, Consistent with FDA Labelinga) Chemical information

b) Function/action c) Indications & Contraindications

d) Trial research, side effects, warnings

The entire contents of each of the foregoing references, patentapplications, and patents are expressly incorporated by reference intheir entirety including, without limitation, the specification, claims,and abstract, as well as any figures, tables, or drawings thereof.

E. Synthesis of Maytansinoids Having a Thioether Moiety that Bears aReactive Group

Novel maytansinoids having a non-cleavable thioether moiety that bears areactive group are compounds of formula (5), D′-Y′—V-Q-W—Z′. Chemicalgroups Z′ for reaction with the cell-binding agent include but are notlimited to N-succinimidyl esters, N-sulfosuccinimidyl esters,pentafluorophenyl ester, tetrafluorosulfophenyl, and nitrophenyl ester.The method of preparation of these compounds are described herein.Sulfhydryl-bearing maytansinoids are covalently linked via anon-cleavable thioether bond to a heterobifuntional crosslinker thatbears a reactive group and isolated prior to conjugation with a cellbinding agent.

A non-cleavable linker is any chemical moiety that is capable of linkinga cytotoxic drug to a cell-binding agent in a stable, covalent manner.Non-cleavable linkers are substantially resistant to acid-inducedcleavage, light-induced cleavage, peptidase-induced cleavage,esterase-induced cleavage, and disulfide bond cleavage. Examples ofnon-cleavable linkers include linkers having an N-succinimidyl ester, oran N-sulfosuccinimidyl ester moiety and maleimido- or haloacetyl-basedmoiety for reaction with the maytansinoid. Crosslinking reagentscomprising a maleimido-based moiety include N-succinimidyl4-(maleimidomethyl)cyclohexanecarboxylate (SMCC),N-succinimidyl-4-(N-maleimidomethyl)-cyclohexane-1-carboxy-(6-amidocaproate),which is a “long chain” analog of SMCC (LC-SMCC), κ-maleimidoundecanoicacid N-succinimidyl ester (KMUA), γ-maleimidobutyric acid N-succinimidylester (GMBS), ε-maleimidocaproic acid N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (EMCS),m-maleimidobenzoyl-N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (MBS),N-(α-maleimidoacetoxy)-succinimide ester (AMAS),succinimidyl-6-(β-maleimidopropionamido)hexanoate (SMPH), N-succinimidyl4-(p-maleimidophenyl)-butyrate (SMPB), andN-(p-maleimidophenyl)isocyanate (PMPI). Cross-linking reagentscomprising a haloacetyl-based moiety includeN-succinimidyl-4-(iodoacetyl)-aminobenzoate (SIAB), N-succinimidyliodoacetate (SIA), N-succinimidyl bromoacetate (SBA), and N-succinimidyl3-(bromoacetamido)propionate (SBAP).

Maytansinoids that can be used in the present invention to produce thereactive maytansinoid derivatives bearing a thioether moiety that can becovalently linked to a cell binding agent are well known in the art andcan be isolated from natural sources according to known methods orprepared synthetically according to known methods.

The synthesis of maytansinoids having a thioether moiety that bears areactive group can be described by reference to FIGS. 1-4, wherethioether-bearing maytansinoids bearing a reactive group are prepared.

Representative compounds of the invention were prepared from thethiol-containing maytansinoids: DM1, termedN^(2′)-deacetyl-N^(2′)-(3-mercapto-1-oxopropyl)-maytansine, representedby structural formula (1): and DM4, termedN^(2′)-deacetyl-N^(2′)-(4-mercapto-4-methyl-1-oxopentyl)maytansinerepresented by structural formula (2) are shown below:

Novel maytansinoids having a thioether moiety that bears a reactivegroup are prepared by the following newly described methods.

Synthesis of novel maytansinoids having a thiol moiety that bears areactive group, of the formula (5): D′-Y′—V-Q-W—Z′ (5) are describedcomprising of the following steps:

a.) Covalently linking a heterobifunctional linker of the formulaY″—V-Q-W—Z′ to a thiol bearing maytansinoid, D′; wherein Y″ is athiol-reactive group such as a maleimide or haloacetamide; V is anoptional linear, branched or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl grouppreferably having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms; more preferably having 1-5carbon atoms. W is an optional linear, branched or cyclic alkyl, alkenylor alkynyl group preferably having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms; morepreferably containing 1-5 atoms. Q represents an optional aromatic or aheterocyclic moiety; and Z′ is an amine-reactive group such as but notlimited to N-succinimidyl esters, N-sulfosuccinimidyl esters,pentafluorophenyl ester, tetrafluorosulfophenyl, or nitrophenyl ester.The reaction comprises of the sequence (6):

D′+Y″—V-Q-W—Z′→D′-Y′—V-Q-W—Z′  (6)

b.) Stoichiometric or excess equivalents of the heterobifunctionalcrosslinker, Y″—V-Q-W—Z′, over the thiol-bearing maytansinoid, D′, suchas DM1 and DM4, may be used. The reaction proceeds to completion and canbe monitored by analytical methods such as HPLC and TLC. The reactionmay also be performed with an excess of the thiol-bearing maytansinoid,D′, over the heterobifunctional linker, Y″—V-Q-W—Z′.c.) The reaction may be performed in a suitable organic solvent or amixture of aqueous buffer and organic solvent such that thethiol-bearing maytansinoid, D′, and the heterobifunctional linker,Y″—V-Q-W—Z′, are fully soluble. Examples of suitable organic solventsinclude tetrahydrofuran (THF), 1,2-dimethoxyethane,N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA), methanol andethanol. When performing the reaction in a mixture of organic solventand aqueous buffer the pH must be controlled to promote reaction of thesulfhydryl-bearing maytansinoid with the maleimide or haloacetamide, Y″,while minimizing the potential of hydrolysis of the amine reactivegroup, Z. Suitable pH range for this reaction is pH 3-10 a preferred pHis 5-9 and a most preferred pH is pH 6-8.d.) Thioether formation between the thiol-bearing maytansinoid, D′, andthe thiol-reactive group, Y″, may also be prepared using a suitableorganic base and neat organic solvent, such as those described above.Organic bases such as N,N-diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA),1,8-Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU), triethylamine and4-methylmorpholine may be used to form the desired thioether-containingmaytansinoids bearing a reactive group of the formula (5)D′-Y′—V-Q-W—Z′.e.) A compound of the formula (5) D′-Y′—V-Q-W—Z′ may be isolatedfollowing completion of the reaction. Suitable techniques for thepurification of a maytansinoid having a thioether moiety that bears anamine reactive group Z′ (e.g. N-succinimidyl ester) include silica gelchromatography, normal or reverse-phase preparative high performanceliquid chromatography (HPLC), preparative thin layer chromatography(TLC) and crystallization.f) The purity and identity of the isolated product of the formula (5)D′-Y′—V-Q-W—Z′ may be established by analytical methods including HPLC,mass spectroscopy (MS), LC/MS, ¹H NMR and ¹³C NMR.

F. Production of Maytansinoid Derivatives Having a Thioether Moiety

Novel maytansinoid derivatives containing a thioether moiety that areuseful in the preparation of maytansinoids containing a non-cleavable,thioether moiety that bears a reactive group are described herein. Thepreparation of these derivatives from DM1 (1) and DM4 (2) are disclosedand are represented by the formula (10):

D′-Y′—V-Q-W—COOH  (10)

wherein,

V is an optional linear, branched or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl or alkynylgroup preferably having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms; more preferablyhaving 1-5 carbon atoms.

W is an optional linear, branched or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl or alkynylgroup having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms; more preferably having 1-5carbon atoms.

D′ represents a sulfhydryl-bearing maytansinoid, DM1 or DM4;

Y′ represents a thioether bond; and

Q represents an optional aromatic or a heterocyclic moiety.

Synthesis of novel maytansinoids derivatives having a thioether moietythat bears a carboxylic acid, of the formula (10) are describedcomprising of the following steps

a.) Covalently linking a carboxylic acid linker of the formulaY″—V-Q-W—COOH to a thiol bearing maytansinoid, D′; wherein Y″ is athiol-reactive group such as a maleimide or haloacetamide; Q representsan optional an aromatic or a heterocyclic moiety. The reaction sequenceis represented by the formula (11):

D′+Y″—V-Q-W—COOH—→D′-Y′—V-Q-W—COOH  (11)

Wherein:

V and W are as defined above

D′ is as defined above;

Y″ is as defined above;

Y′ is a thioether bond between the sulfhydryl bearing maytansinoid andthe carboxylic acid, COOH; and

Q represents an optional aromatic or a heterocyclic moiety.

b.) Stoichiometric or excess equivalents of the carboxylic acid linkerof the formula Y″—V-Q-W—COOH, over the thiol-bearing maytansinoid, D′,such as DM1 and DM4, may be used. The reaction proceeds to completionand can be monitored by analytical methods such as HPLC and TLC. Thereaction may also be performed with an excess of the thiol-bearingmaytansinoid, D′, over the carboxylic acid linker of the formulaY″—V-Q-W—COOH.c.) The reaction may be performed in a suitable organic solvent or amixture of aqueous buffer and organic solvent such that thethiol-bearing maytansinoid, D′, and the carboxylic acid linker of theformula Y″—V-Q-W—COOH, are fully soluble. Examples of suitable organicsolvents include tetrahydrofuran (THF), 1,2-dimethoxyethane,N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA), methanol orethanol. When performing the reaction in a mixture of organic solventand aqueous buffer the pH must be controlled to promote reaction of thesulfhydryl with the maleimide or haloacetamide, Y″. A suitable pH rangefor this reaction is pH 3-10 a preferred pH is 5-9 and a most preferredpH is pH 6-8.d.) Thioether formation between the thiol-bearing maytansinoid, D′, andthe thiol-reactive group, Y″, will also occur when using a suitableorganic base and neat organic solvent, such as those described above.Organic bases such as N,N-diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA),1,8-Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU), triethylamine and4-methylmorpholine may be used to form the desired thioether-containingmaytansinoids bearing a carboxylic acid.e.) A compound of the formula (10) D′-Y′—V-Q-W—COOH may be isolatedfollowing completion of the reaction. Suitable techniques for thepurification of a maytansinoid having a thioether moiety that bears acarboxylic acid include silica gel chromatography, normal orreverse-phase preparative high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC),preparative thin layer chromatography (TLC) or crystallization.f.) The purity and identity of the isolated product of the formula (10)D′-Y′V-Q-W—COOH may be established by analytical methods including HPLC,mass spectroscopy (MS), LC/MS, ¹H NMR and ¹³C NMR.

The novel maytansinoid derivatives containing a thioether moiety bearinga terminal carboxylic acid of the formula (11) D′-Y′—V-Q-W—COOH areuseful in the preparation of compounds of formula (5) D′-Y′—V-Q-W—Z′.Maytansinoid derivatives of the formula (11) D′-Y′—V-Q-W—COOH may befurther derivatized to give an amine reactive group, Z. The preferredamine reactive group, Z′, is an active ester such as but not limited toN-succinimidyl esters, N-sulfosuccinimidyl esters, pentafluorophenylester, tetrafluorosulfophenyl, or nitrophenyl ester. The process for thepreparation of compounds of formula (5) from compounds of the formula(11) follows the reaction sequence:

D′-Y′—V-Q-W—COOH+X→D-Y′—V-Q-W—Z′

where X is N-hydroxysuccinimide to give an activated ester, Z′, that isamine reactive.

A maytansinoid of the formula (5) D′-Y′—V-Q-W—Z′ may be prepared fromthe novel maytansinoid derivative of formula (11) D′-Y′—V-Q-W—COOH byknown methods described herein.

a.) Maytansinoids of formula (11) D′-Y′—V-Q-W—COOH may be reacted with aslight excess of N-hydroxysuccinimide (X) in a dry organic solvent (suchas methylene chloride, dimethylformamide, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane,diethylether) in the presence of1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethyl-carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC.HCl).Condensing agents other than EDC.HCl can be employed for the reaction.b.) Completion of reaction may be monitored using standard chemicaltechniques such as TLC or HPLC.c.) Following the completion of the reaction, the maytansinoidderivative that bears a reactive N-hydroxysuccinimidyl ester may bepurified by silica gel chromatography, or by HPLC, or bycrystallization.d.) The purity and identity of the isolated product of the formula (5)D′-Y′—V-Q-W—Z′ may be established by analytical methods including HPLC,mass spectroscopy (MS), LC/MS, ¹H NMR and ¹³C NMR.G. Preparation of Antibody Conjugates with Maytansinoids Having aThioether Moiety that Bears a Reactive Group

A process for the preparation of a non-cleavable, thioether linkedmaytansinoid conjugate with a cell binding agent using an isolated,reactive maytansinoid derivative having a thioether moiety that bears areactive group of the formula (8) CB—(Z″—W-Q-V—Y′-D′)_(m), (FIGS. 39 and40) is described and comprises of the following steps:

a.) Covalently linking the purified amine-reactive maytansinoid bearinga thioether moiety of the formula (5) D′-Y′—W-Q-V—Z′ of this invention,to a cell binding agent, CB (antibody), via covalent amide bondformation between lysine residues of the cell binding agent and theamine-reactive group linked to the maytansinoid having a thioether bond.b.) The conjugation reaction may be performed at a concentration of0.5-10 mg/mL antibody depending on the nature of the antibody.b.) A stock solution of the amine-reactive non-cleavable maytansinoidbearing a thioether moiety may be prepared in neat organic solvent priorto conjugation with the antibody. Suitable organic solvents for stocksolution preparation include methanol, ethanol, N,N-dimethylacetamide(DMA), N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)c.) Due to the hydrophobic nature of maytansinoids it may be necessaryto carry out the conjugation to antibody in a mixture of aqueous bufferand organic solvent to ensure that the maytansinoid remains in solutionduring conjugation. The preferred amount of organic solvent in theaqueous buffer ranges from 0-30% (v/v) depending on the solubility ofthe reagent and the behavior of the antibody under these conditions. Theconjugation may be carried out at pH 3-10 a preferred pH is 5-9 and amost preferred pH is pH 6-8. The buffers used for the conjugationreaction are buffers with pK_(a) values around this pH range, such asphosphate and HEPES buffer.c.) A 5-50 fold excess of the amine-reactive maytansinoid bearing athioether moiety over antibody may be used in the conjugation reactionto yield a conjugate with the desired number of maytansinoid moleculeslinked per molecule of antibody. Preferably a range of 2-8 maytansinoidslinked per antibody is desired for the final conjugate. Conditions suchas antibody concentration, solubility of the reagent and pH may effectthe fold excess of the maytansinoid reagent required as well as thenumber of maytansinoid molecules linked per mole of antibody in thefinal conjugate.d.) Purification of the non-cleavable conjugate of the formula (8)CB—(Z″—V-Q-W—Y′-D′)_(m) by tangential flow filtration, dialysis, orchromatography (gel filtration, in-exchange chromatography, hydrophobicinteraction chromatography) or a combination thereof.

EXAMPLES

Without being bound by any particular aspect, methods are described forthe synthesis of polyethylene glycol ((CH₂CH₂O)_(n))-linked drugs withdifferent reactive linkers for conjugation with cell-binding agents.These conjugation methods include a one-step conjugation of antibodywith drugs such as maytansinoids linked via polyethylene glycol((CH₂CH₂O)_(n)) linker by reaction at N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS)reactive group.

Also, described are methods of synthesizing disulfide-group containingpolyethylene glycol ((CH₂CH₂O)_(n))-linked drugs with different reactivelinkers for conjugation with antibody. These conjugation methods includea one-step conjugation of antibody with drugs such as maytansinoidlinked with disulfide-group having polyethylene glycol ((CH₂CH₂O)_(n))linker via reaction at a N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) reactive group.

The following examples, which are illustrative only, are not intended tolimit the present invention.

Example I Conjugation of Antibody with Several Maytansinoid MoleculesLinked Per Antibody Molecule by Disulfide Linkers Containing TraditionalAliphatic Carbon Spacers

In a two-step process to conjugate an antibody with several molecules ofthe maytansinoid DM4 or DM1, a humanized antibody was first modifiedwith a commercially available heterobifunctional linker (SPDB)containing both an amine-reactive N-hydroxysuccinimide group (NHS group)and a thiol-reactive 2-pyridyldithio group (-SSPy group) to incorporateseveral molecules of the linker in the antibody molecule (as describedin W. C. Widdison et al., J. Med. Chem., 2006, 49, 4392-4408). Followingthe incorporation of the reactive linkers in the antibody molecule, in asecond reaction step the maytansinoid DM4 or DM1 with a reactive thiolgroup was added to the linker-modified antibody to conjugate themaytansinoid to antibody by disulfide bonds. In a specific example, ahumanized antibody at a concentration of 5-10 mg/ml was modified using10-15 fold molar excess of the commercially available heterobifunctionallinker with —(CH₂)—_(n), alkyl groups (such as SPDB, SPP, SPDP) inaqueous buffer at pH 6.5-8 for 0.25-3 h at ambient temperature and thenpurified by gel filtration (using, for example, Sephadex G25chromatography) to obtain antibody modified with an average 8-12 linkergroups per antibody molecule in high yields (typically 80-90% yields).The linked groups were estimated by measuring the release of2-thiopyridone based on its absorbance at 343 nm (ε_(343 nm)=8080 M⁻¹cm⁻¹) upon addition of excess 1,4-dithiothreitol (DTT) reagent to asmall aliquot of the linker-modified antibody sample. After measuringthe linked reactive groups on the antibody, the linker-modified antibodyat a concentration of 2.5 mg/ml was conjugated with excess maytansinoidDM4 (1.7 fold-molar excess DM4 thiol over reactive linker) at pH 6.5.However, precipitation was observed during the antibody-maytansinoidconjugation reaction and poor yields of the antibody-maytansinoidconjugates (˜38-60% yields) were obtained upon purification of theantibody-maytansinoid conjugates by gel filtration. The number of linkedmaytansinoids per antibody molecule was determined from absorbancemeasurements at 252 nm and 280 nm and using the extinction coefficientsfor maytansinoid and antibody at 252 nm and 280 nm. In addition to theprecipitation and poor yields of the antibody-maytansinoid conjugates at˜1-1.5 mg/ml, the numbers of incorporated maytansinoid per antibodymolecule were much lower (˜5.2-5.5 average maytansinoid molecules perantibody molecule) than expected based on the much greater averagenumber of initial reactive linker groups incorporated per antibodymolecule (˜8-12 reactive linker groups per antibody molecule) suggestingprecipitation of the higher maytansinoid-bearing antibody conjugates. Inanother example, a humanized antibody was first modified with the SPDBheterobifunctional linker to incorporate 11 pyridyldithio groups perantibody molecule, which upon a second reaction with 1.7 fold molarexcess of DM4 maytansinoid thiol showed significant precipitation in thereaction mixture resulting in a very poor recovery of <30%antibody-maytansinoid conjugate. Using commercially availableheterobifunctional linkers such as SPDB or SPDP with aliphatic spacersit is typically difficult to incorporate greater than 4 or 5maytansinoid molecules per antibody at high conjugation yields forantibody-maytansinoid conjugate concentrations of 1 mg/ml or higherconcentrations. This observed precipitation and low yield ofantibody-maytansinoid conjugates having SPDB- or SPDP-derived linkerswas not seen upon the initial SPDB- or SPDP-linker modification ofantibodies (before conjugation with maytansinoids) suggesting that theaggregation and precipitation of the antibody-maytansinoid conjugateswas presumably caused by the attachment of hydrophobic molecules.

Example II Conjugation of Antibody with Several Maytansinoid MoleculesLinked Per Antibody Molecule by Disulfide Linkers Containing HydrophilicPolyethylene Oxide Spacers (PEG_(n), or (—CH₂—CH₂—O)_(n=1-14))

To explore if hydrophilic spacers such as polyethylene oxide (PEG_(n),or (—CH₂—CH₂—O)_(n=1-14)) could perhaps prevent the aggregation andprecipitation of antibody-maytansinoid conjugates with a high number ofmaytansinoid molecules (>4 average per antibody molecule), several newheterobifunctional and monofunctional maytansinoid derivatives wereprepared which could be conjugated to antibody by direct modification ora two-step reaction involving the initial derivatization of antibody atlysine residues followed by the reaction of maytansinoids (see, forexamples, FIGS. 3, 6, 11, and 12).

Synthesis of 15-(2-pyridyldithio)-4,7,10,13-tetraoxapentadecanoic acid

A solution of aldrithiol-2 (1.17 g, 5.31 mmol) was prepared in 5.0 mL of1,2-dimethoxyethane in a 10 mL round bottom flask. To the reaction flaskwas added a solution of 3-(2-thiotetraethyleneglycol) propionic acid(QuantaBiodesign, 490 mg, 1.73 mmol) dissolved in 1.0 mL of1,2-dimethoxyethane. The reaction proceeded for 3.5 hours with stirringand the product was purified by silica chromatography eluting with 5%methanol in methylene chloride. The solvent was removed in vacuo toyield 432 mg (64% yield) of the desired product.

Synthesis of PySS-PEG₄-NHS[15-(2-pyridyldithio)-4,7,10,13-tetraoxapentadecanoicacid-N-hydroxysuccinimide ester]

A 10 mL round bottom flask was charged with15-(2-pyridyldithio)-4,7,10,13-tetraoxapentadecanoic acid (431 mg, 1.10mmol), 5.0 mL of methylene chloride and a stir bar. N-hydroxysuccinimide (3.6 mg, 0.31 mmol) and1-[3-(Dimethylamino)propyl]-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (6.8 mg,0.036 mmol) were added to the reaction vessel and the reaction proceededfor 2 hours at room temperature with stirring. The product was purifiedby silica chromatography eluting with 7% 1,2-dimethoxyethane inmethylene chloride. The solvent was removed in vacuo to give 206 mg (38%yield) of the desired product. MS: m/z: found: 511.1 (M+Na)⁺,calculated: 511.2.

Synthesis of 15-(DM4-dithio)-4,7,10,13-tetraoxapentadecanoic acid

A solution of N^(2′)-deacetyl-N^(2′)-(4-mercapto-4-methyl-1-oxopentyl)maytansine (DM4, 18.6 mg, 0.0239 mmol) and15-(2-pyridyldithio)-4,7,10,13-tetraoxapentadecanoic acid (14.0 mg,0.0358 mmol) was prepared in 0.75 mL of 1,2-dimethoxyethane.4-methylmorpholine (6.0 mg, 0.0597 mmol) was added to the reactionvessel and the reaction proceeded for 24 hours at room temperature withstirring. Upon reaction completion the crude reaction mixture was driedin vacuo and used without further purification (FIG. 6).

Synthesis of 15-(DM4-dithio)-4,7,10,13-tetraoxapentadecanoicacid-N-hydroxy succinimide ester (DM4-SPEG₄-NHS)

The crude 15-(DM4-dithio)-4,7,10,13-tetraoxapentadecanoic acid wasdissolved in 2.0 mL of methylene chloride and combined with N-hydroxysuccinimide (3.6 mg, 0.31 mmol) and1-[3-(Dimethylamino)propyl]-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (6.8 mg,0.036 mmol). The solution was stirred for 2.5 hours and the product waspurified by silica chromatography eluting with 4% methanol in methylenechloride. The solvent was removed under vacuum to give 15.0 mg (54%yield) of the desired product. MS: m/z: found: 1179.3 (M+Na)⁺,calculated: 1179.4 (FIG. 6).

Two-Step Conjugation of Antibody to Link a High Number of MaytansinoidMolecules Per Antibody Molecule Using Disulfide Linkers ContainingHydrophilic Polyethylene Oxide Spacers (PEG_(n), or(—CH₂—CH₂—O)_(n=1-14)):

A novel observation was made when new heterobifunctional reagents withhydrophilic spacers such as polyethylene oxide (PEG_(n), or(—CH₂—CH₂—O)_(n=1-14)) were used to modify antibody followed byconjugation with DM4 thiol. The conjugation mixtures of theantibody-maytansinoid conjugates with hydrophilic PEG_(n) spacers didnot show any precipitate and consistently gave a high conjugate yield(>70%) with very high monomer fraction (>90%). As an example, ahumanized antibody at a concentration of 8 mg/ml was modified with thePySS-PEG₄-NHS reagent at several fold molar excess over antibodyconcentration in pH 8 buffer for 1 h at 30° C. and then purified by gelfiltration. The linked dithiopyridyl groups per antibody molecule wereestimated to be ˜4-16 by 2-thiopyridone release assay of aliquots usingexcess dithiothreitol, based upon which a 1.4-fold molar excess of DM4maytansinoid thiol was added to each dithiopyridyl-PEG_(n)-linkermodified antibody solution for the conjugation step at pH 6.5, overnightat 25° C., and then the conjugate was purified by gel filtration (FIG.12). The final incorporated maytansinoid per antibody values for thedifferent conjugation mixtures with different initial linkerincorporations ranged from 3 to 9 average maytansinoid per antibodymolecule, with no observed precipitation, >70% yields and very highmonomer (>90% monomer based on size-exclusion TSK-GEL G3000 HPLC using20% isopropanol or 0.4 M sodium perchlorate). The unconjugated drug inthe final conjugates was determined to be less than 0.6% by HiSepMixed-Mode chromatography (HiSep column, Supelco) indicating thatmaytansinoids were covalently linked to antibody. In another example, ahumanized antibody at a concentration of 8 mg/ml was modified withPySS-PEG₄-NHS reagent at several fold molar excess over antibodyconcentration in pH 6.5 buffer for 1.5 h at 25° C. and then purified bygel filtration. The dithiopyridyl-PEG_(n)-bearing linker groups onantibody samples were estimated as 6-18 per antibody molecule, whichwere then reacted with 1.3-1.7-fold molar excess of DM4 maytansinoidthiol at pH 6.5, 25° C. overnight, and then purified by gel filtration.No precipitation was observed and the final antibody-maytansinoidconjugate samples at ˜1-2 mg/ml showed high monomer fraction (>90%),indicating lack of aggregation, and high numbers of ˜3.1 to 7.1covalently attached maytansinoid molecules per antibody with very lowunconjugated maytansinoid (<1.7% unconjugated maytansinoid estimated byHiSep chromatography). The conjugates with high drug load per antibodywere stable upon storage at 4° C. even up to the longest time analyzed(1.5 months).

One-Step Conjugation of Antibody to Link a High Number of MaytansinoidMolecules Per Antibody Molecule Using Disulfide Linkers ContainingHydrophilic Polyethylene Oxide Spacers (PEG_(n), or(—CH₂—CH₂—O)_(n=1-14)):

In a one-step conjugation approach, antibody-maytansinoid conjugateswith disulfide linkers containing hydrophilic polyethyleneoxide spacers(PEG_(n), or (—CH₂—CH₂—O)_(n=1-14)) were generated by the conjugation ofa humanized antibody at a concentration of 4 mg/ml with 10-20 fold molarexcess of DM4-SPEG₄-NHS reagent in pH 8 buffer for 2 h at 30° C.followed by purification by gel filtration to obtain anantibody-maytansinoid conjugate at a concentration of 1.4 mg/ml with 6.6conjugated maytansinoid per antibody molecule (82% monomer) (FIG. 11).Therefore, both 2-step and 1-step approaches were used to obtain highnumber of linked maytansinoids per antibody molecule with disulfidelinkers containing hydrophilic polyethyleneoxide spacers (PEG_(n), or(—CH₂—CH₂—O)_(n=1-14).)

Example III Conjugation of Antibody with Several Maytansinoid MoleculesLinked Per Antibody Molecule by Thioether Linkers Containing HydrophilicPolyethylene Oxide Spacers (PEG_(n), or (—CH₂—CH₂—O)_(n))

To directly modify the lysine residues of antibody, N-hydroxysuccinimideesters of maytansinoids with traditional aliphatic linkers such as alkyllinkers derived from SPP (described in W. C. Widdison et al., J. Med.Chem., 2006, 49, 4392-4408) were used initially to conjugate antibodiesin a 1-step method. Attempts to conjugate a humanized antibody with a8-fold molar excess of DM1-SPP-NHS reagent as a test reagent at 5 mg/mlin pH 8 buffer at 30° C. for 2 h (followed by gel filtration anddialysis) resulted in significant precipitation and aggregation, suchthat the final conjugate was only 61% monomer with about 3.3 linkedmaytansinoids per antibody. In contrast, the use of DM1-Mal-PEG₄-NHSreagent under similar conditions resulted in a conjugate with 5.4 linkedmaytansinoid molecules per antibody at 1.1 mg/ml with no precipitationin the final conjugate (FIG. 7 or 9). Similarly DM1-Mal-PEG₂-NHS reagentwas used to obtain high numbers of conjugated maytansinoids linked perantibody molecule via thioether bonds. In another example, a murine IgG₁antibody was conjugated at 4 mg/ml with 10- and 20-fold molar excess ofDM1-Mal-PEG₄-NHS reagent in pH 8 buffer for 2 h at 30° C. followed bygel filtration to obtain antibody-maytansinoid conjugates at ˜1 mg/mlconcentration with 4.1 and 7.8 covalently conjugated maytansinoidmolecules per antibody molecule (98% monomer) with undetectable levelsof unconjugated drug (HiSep HPLC assay). In another example, a humanizedantibody was conjugated with excess DM1-Mal-PEG₄-NHS reagent to obtainaverage 10.7 linked maytansinoid molecules per antibody (99% monomer;1.1 mg/ml concentration). The PEG₄-linked thioether conjugates were alsoprepared from antibodies using a two-step conjugation procedure outlinedin FIG. 8 and FIG. 10. Therefore large number of maytansinoid moleculescan be introduced per antibody molecule by the use of hydrophiliclinkers such as PEG_(n) or (—CH₂—CH₂—O)_(n) (see, for example, FIGS. 1,2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, and 21).

Synthesis of DM1-Mal-PEG₂-NHS

A solution of N^(2′)-Deacetyl-N^(2′)-(3-mercapto-1-oxopropyl)-maytansine(DM1, 13.4 mg, 0.0182 mmol) was prepared in 0.70 mL of THF andsuccinimidyl-[(N-maleimidopropionamido)-diethyleneglycol]ester(NHS-PEG₂-Maleimide, Quanta Biodesign, 11.6 mg, 0.0273 mmol) was addedin 1.5 mL of 2:1 (v/v) mixture of aqueous potassium phosphate buffer (50mM, pH 6) and THF. The reaction proceeded for 1 hour with stirring atroom temperature and TLC analysis indicated that the reaction wascomplete. The crude reaction mixture was purified by silicachromatography eluting with 8% ethanol in methylene chloride; thesolvent was removed under vacuum to give 6.0 mg (28% yield) of thedesired product. MS: m/z found: 1185.3 (M+Na)⁺, calculated: 1184.4 (FIG.4).

Synthesis of DM1-Mal-PEG₄-NHS

A solution of N^(2′)-Deacetyl-N^(2′)-(3-mercapto-1-oxopropyl)-maytansine(DM1, 28.1 mg, 0.0381 mmol) was prepared in 0.50 mL of THF andsuccinimidyl-[(N-maleimidopropionamido)-tetraethyleneglycol]ester(NHS-PEG₄-Maleimide, Quanta Biodesign, 39.1 mg, 0.0762 mmol) was addedin 1.5 mL of 2:1 (v/v) mixture of aqueous potassium phosphate buffer (50mM, pH 6) and THF. The reaction proceeded for 1 hour with stirring atroom temperature and TLC analysis indicated that the reaction wascomplete. The crude reaction mixture was purified by silicachromatography eluting with 6% ethanol in methylene chloride; thesolvent was removed under vacuum to give 9.6 mg (20% yield) of thedesired product. MS: m/z: found: 1273.5 (M+Na)⁺, calculated: 1273.5(FIG. 4).

Example IV Mass Spectrometric Analysis of High Maytansinoid BearingAntibody Species

To analyze the high maytansinoid bearing antibody species with thehydrophilic PEG linkers, a very high maytansinoid bearingAb-PEG₄-Mal-DM1 conjugate with average 10.7 DM1 per antibody wasselected. The conjugate was deglycosylated and then analyzed by ESI-TOFMS (FIG. 22). The mass spectrum shows various species of antibodylabeled with different numbers of linked maytansinoid ranging from 4-15drugs per antibody with the maxima at around 8-9 drugs per antibody.This distribution is normal suggesting that no selective disappearancewas seen for the high drug bearing species, which is consistent with thehigh solubility of the final conjugate. The size exclusionchromatography HPLC of the high maytansinoid bearing Ab-PEG₄-Mal-DM1conjugate with average 10.7 DM1 per antibody showed a surprisinglyhigh >99% amount of monomer (FIG. 23).

Example V FACS Binding of High Maytansinoid Bearing Antibody Species isSimilar to that of Unmodified Antibody

The binding of the high maytansinoid bearing conjugates of severalantibodies were compared with unmodified antibodies against differenttargets such as EpCAM, CanAg, and CD56 by flow cytometry. Briefly, theantigen-positive cells were incubated with conjugates or unmodifiedantibodies at 4° C., then with a secondary antibody-FITC conjugate at 4°C., fixed with formaldehyde (1% in PBS) and analyzed by flow cytometry.No significant difference was observed between the binding of theconjugate versus that of the unmodified antibody for all the conjugatesevaluated. An example is shown in FIG. 24, where a 10.7 maytansinoidbearing Ab-PEG₄-Mal-DM1 conjugate bound to antigen-positive cells with ahigh affinity similar to that of the unmodified antibody.

Example VI In Vitro Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Maytansinoid Conjugatesof Antibodies with Thioether and Disulfide Linkers ContainingPolyethyleneoxide Spacers (PEG_(n), or (—CH₂—CH₂—O)_(n))

The cytotoxic effects of the antibody-maytansinoid conjugates withthioether and disulfide linkers containing PEG_(n) spacers weretypically evaluated using a WST-8 cell-viability assay after a 4-5 daycontinuous incubation of the cancer cells with the conjugates. Theantigen-expressing cancer cells (˜1000-5000 cells per well) wereincubated in 96-well plates in regular growth medium containing fetalbovine serum with various concentrations of the antibody-maytansinoidconjugates for about 5 days. The WST-8 reagent was then added and theplate absorbance was measured at 450 nm after ˜2-5 h. The survivalfraction was plotted versus conjugate concentration to determine theIC₅₀ value (50% cell killing concentration) of the conjugate.

FIG. 25 shows the enhancement in potency of anti-EpCAM Ab-maytansinoidconjugates with increased drug load for the PEG₄ linked thioetherconjugate (Ab-PEG₄-Mal-DM1), which also shows greater potency than thethioether-linked SMCC-DM1 and disulfide-linked SPDB-DM4 conjugates atsimilar drug loads of about 4 maytansinoid per antibody toward EpCAMantigen-positive COLO205-multi drug resistant cells (COLO205-MDR cells).The potency of the thioether-linked anti-EpCAM Ab-PEG₄-Mal-DM1 conjugateat maytansinoid loads of 4.1 and 7.8 is novel and potentially verypromising for therapeutic applications.

FIG. 26 shows the cytotoxic activities of anti-CanAg Ab-maytansinoidconjugates against CanAg antigen-positive COLO205-MDR cells. Again, thethioether-linked Ab-PEG₄-Mal-DM1 and Ab-PEG₂-Mal-DM1 conjugates showedgreater potency compared to the thioether-linked Ab-SMCC-DM1 conjugatewith similar maytansinoid loads.

FIG. 27 shows the cytotoxic activities of the anti-CD56antibody-maytansinoid conjugates with PEG-containing thioether anddisulfide linkers on CD56-expressing Molp-8 multiple myeloma cells. Thethioether-linked PEG4 conjugates with 7.7 drugs per antibody(Ab-PEG₄Mal-DM1) showed an unexpected 100-fold increase in cytotoxicpotency (IC₅₀ value of 0.019 nM) compared to the conjugate bearing 3.8drugs (IC₅₀=1.9 nM).

FIG. 28 shows the enhancement in potency of anti-EpCAM Ab-maytansinoidconjugates bearing a PEG₄ linked thioether conjugate (Ab-PEG₄-Mal-DM1),over the conventional thioether-linked SMCC-DM1 at similar drug loads ofabout 4 maytansinoid per antibody toward EpCAM-positive multi drugresistant HCT15 cells. The high potency of the thioether-finkedanti-EpCAM Ab-PEG₄-Mal-DM1 conjugate is a novel finding and potentiallyvery promising for therapeutic applications. FIG. 29 shows theenhancement in potency of anti-EpCAM Ab-maytansinoid conjugates bearinga PEG₄ linked thioether conjugate (Ab-PEG₄-Mal-DM1), over theconventional thioether-linked SMCC-DM1 at similar drug loads of about 4maytansinoid per antibody toward EpCAM-positive multi drug resistantCOLO 205 cells. The enhanced potency of the thioether-linked anti-EpCAMAb-PEG₄-Mal-DM1 conjugate is a novel finding and potentially verypromising for therapeutic applications. FIG. 37 shows the potentenhancement in cytotoxicity of anti-EGFR Ab-Maytansinoid conjugate withthe hydrophilic thioether-bonded PEG₄ linker (Ab-PEG₄-Mal-DM1) comparedto the non-hydrophilic SMCC-DM1 conjugate with 3.7 maytansinoid/Abtoward EGFR-positive UO-31 human renal carcinoma cells. The potency ofthe PEG₄-Mal-DM1 was about 10-fold greater than that of the SMCC-DM1conjugate with the traditional linker.

Example VII In Vivo Pharmacokinetics

The plasma pharmacokinetics of a humanized anti-CD56 antibody(Ab)-PEG₄-Mal-DM1 conjugate containing the hydrophilic PEG₄ linker andbearing 6.7 D/A (maytansinoid/antibody) was compared with that of anAb-SMCC-DM1 conjugate containing a traditional aliphatic carbon chainlinker and bearing 4 D/A (FIG. 38 A). CD1 mice were injectedintravenously, by a single bolus, of 5 mg/kg conjugates (antibody-baseddose; 3 mice per group). Plasma samples were collected at several timepoints up to 4 weeks. The plasma samples were analyzed for antibodyconcentration and for conjugate concentration using ELISA. For antibodyELISA, the plasma samples were added to microtiter plates containingcoated, immobilized goat-anti-human IgG (H+L) antibody, washed, anddetected using horseradish peroxidase-conjugated goat-anti-human IgG(Fc^(γ)) antibody. For conjugate concentration, the plasma samples wereadded to microtiter plates containing coated, immobilizedgoat-anti-human IgG (H+L) antibody, washed, and detected usingbiotinylated anti-maytansine antibody and alkalinephosphatase-conjugated streptavidin. Both antibody concentration andconjugate concentration ELISA results demonstrated that theAb-PEG₄-Mal-DM1 conjugate with hydrophilic PEG₄ linker bearing the high6.7 DM1/Ab load was well retained in plasma over the 4 week studyperiod.

FIG. 38 A shows the in vivo pharmacokinetics of an Antibody-Maytansinoidconjugate using the PEG₄ linker with a high maytansinoid load (6.7DM1/Ab) compared to the standard linker conjugate bearing 4 DM1/Ab. Evenwith the high maytansinoid load, the PEG₄ linked thioether conjugate(Ab-PEG₄-Mal-DM1) with 6.7 maytansinoid/Ab has a longer half life thanthe standard conjugate. In another example, the plasma pharmacokineticsof a humanized C242 Ab-PEG₄-Mal-³H-DM1 conjugate with ³H-labeled DM1 (at3.3 maytansinoid/Ab) was compared with unconjugated antibody and withAb-SMCC-³H-DM1 conjugate containing a traditional aliphatic carbon chainlinker and bearing a similar 4.2 D/A load, in CD-1 mice at 10-12 mg/kgi.v. dose (FIG. 38 B). The Ab-PEG₄-Mal-³H-DM1 conjugate showed higherplasma concentrations over 4 weeks compared to the traditionalSMCC-linker conjugate with a similar maytansinoid load, as measured byboth antibody concentrations (ELISA; FIG. 38 B) and conjugateconcentrations (³H-label counts). The half life of the PEG₄-Mal linkedconjugate was 16 days compared to 12.6 days for the SMCC-linkedconjugate and thus much improved over the SMCC conjugate (FIG. 38 B).Importantly, the area under the curve (AUC) of the Ab-PEG₄-Mal-DM1conjugate with 3.3 D/A at 10 mg/kg i.v. dosage (AUC=38790 h·μg/mL) wassimilar to that of the unconjugated antibody at a similar dosage of 12mg/kg i.v. (AUC=38798 h·μg/mL) and much better than that of theAb-SMCC-DM1 conjugate with 4.2 D/A at 10 mg/kg i.v. dosage (AUC=25910h·μg/mL) in CD-1 mice (FIG. 38 B).

Example VIII Comparison of In Vivo Anti-Tumor Activity of theAnti-EpCAM-Maytansinoid Conjugates, muB38.1-MCC-DM1 andmuB38.1-PEG4-mal-DM1 Conjugates Towards Resistant Colon Cancer (HCT15)Xenografts

The anti-tumor effect of muB38.1-MCC-DM1 and muB38.1-PEG4-mal-DM1conjugates was evaluated in a xenograft model of human colon carcinoma,HCT15, which is shown to overexpress P-glycoprotein and be resistant tovarious drugs. HCT15 cells were injected subcutaneously in the areaunder the right shoulder of SCID mice (1×10⁷ cells per animal). When thetumor volumes reached approximately 140 mm³ in size (9 days post tumorcell inoculation), the mice were randomized by tumor volume and dividedinto three groups (5 animals per group), each group was treated with asingle i.v. bolus of either, muB38.1-MCC-DM1 (20 mg conjugateprotein/kg), muB38.1-PEG4-mal-DM1 (20 mg conjugate protein/kg) orphosphate-buffered saline (vehicle control). Tumor growth was monitoredby measuring tumor size twice per week. Tumor size was calculated withthe formula: length×width×height×½.

The mean change in tumor volumes is shown for example in FIG. 30. In thePBS control group, tumors reached a tumor volume of 600 mm³ by day 20,post cell inoculation. Treatment with muB38.1-MCC-DM1, resulted in tumorgrowth delay of 15 days. Treatment with muB38.1-PEG4-mal-DM1 showed moreanti-tumor effect with two of five animals having complete tumorregressions, lasting 44 days and three animals with a tumor growth delayof 32 days.

Thus, the conjugate of the present invention, muB38.1-PEG4-mal-DM1 issignificantly more efficacious than muB38.1-MCC-DM1 in this human coloncancer xenograft model.

Example IX Comparison of the In Vivo Anti-Tumor Activity of theAnti-EpCAM-Maytansinoid Conjugates (muB38.1-MCC-DM1 andmuB38.1-PEG4-mal-DM1) Towards Xenografts of Resistant Colon Cancer(COLO205-MDR)

The anti-tumor effect of muB38.1-MCC-DM1 and muB38.1-PEG4-mal-DM1conjugates was evaluated in a xenograft model of human colon carcinoma,COLO205-MDR, which was engineered to overexpress P-glycoprotein.COLO205-MDR cells were injected subcutaneously in the area under theright shoulder of SCID mice (1×10⁷ cells per animal). When the tumorvolumes reached approximately 170 mm³ in size (8 days post cellinoculation), the mice were randomized into three groups (6 animals pergroup), each group was treated with a single i.v. bolus of eithermuB38.1-MCC-DM1 (20 mg conjugate protein/kg), muB38.1-PEG4-mal-DM1(antibody dose 20 mg/kg) or phosphate-buffered saline (vehicle control).Tumor growth was monitored by measuring tumor size twice per week. Tumorsize was calculated with the formula: length×width×height×½.

The mean change in tumor volume is shown for example in FIG. 31. In thePBS control group, tumors grew to about 1000 mm³ in 38 days. Treatmentwith muB38.1-MCC-DM1 resulted in tumor growth delay of 14 days.Treatment with muB38.1-PEG4-mal-DM1 had a remarkable anti-tumor effectresulting in complete tumor regressions in all six animals (FIG. 31).

A similar experiment was also conducted against COLO 205 xenografts.Again treatment with B38.1-PEG4-mal-DM1 is more efficacious resulting incomplete tumor regression, while the standard SMCC conjugate only showsa modest tumor growth delay (FIG. 32).

Similar results were obtained with conjugates of a humanized anti-CanAgantibody (FIG. 33).

Thus, the conjugate of the present invention, muB38.1-PEG4-mal-DM1 issignificantly more efficacious than the conjugate muB38.1-MCC-DM1,prepared with the previously described linker, in this human coloncancer xenograft model.

Example X Evaluation of PEG Length

Several Ab-PEG_(n)-Mal-DMx conjugates were prepared with PEG₄, PEG₈,PEG₁₂, PEG₂₄ linkers and with various numbers of DMx incorporated perantibody. FIG. 34 demonstrates that an Ab-PEG₂₄-Mal-DM1 conjugate with avery high 17.1 D/A load shows a similar binding to antigen-expressingcancer cells as the unmodified antibody (binding measured in relativemean fluorescence RMF units by flow cytometry). Also, Ab-PEG₈-Mal-DM1and Ab-PEG₁₂-Mal-DM1 conjugates bearing 4 to 8 D/A show binding similarto unmodified antibody by cell-binding flow cytometry. TheAb-PEG_(n)-Mal-DMx conjugates prepared with PEG₄, PEG₈, PEG₁₂, PEG₂₄linkers were potent in cytotoxicity toward antigen-positive cells. FIG.35 demonstrates that the anti-CanAg antibody (huC242)-PEG_(n)-Mal-DM1conjugates with 4 to 17 D/A killed the CanAg antigen-positive COLO205cells with potent IC₅₀ of about 0.1-0.5 nM upon incubation for 5 days.The pgp-expressing multi-drug resistant COLO205-MDR cells were killed bythe huC242-PEG_(n)-Mal-DM1 conjugates bearing 4 to 17 D/A in a potentmanner with IC₅₀ of about 0.05 to 0.5 nM (FIG. 36). The PEG₂₄-Mal-DM1conjugate with high, 17.1 D/A was more potent in cytotoxicity than thePEG₂₄-Mal-DM1 conjugate with 4 D/A (FIGS. 34, 36).

Example XI Conjugation of Maytansinoids Bearing a Non-CleavableThiosuccinimidyl Moiety that Contains an Amine Reactive Group to anAntibody

The N-hydroxysuccinimide ester of a maytansinoid bearing a non-cleavablethiosuccinimidyl group was used to conjugate antibody using a one-stepmethod (FIG. 41). The sulfhydryl-bearing maytansinoid was modified witha heterobifunctional, maleimide-bearing crosslinker and isolated (FIG.43), prior to conjugation with antibody to give a non-cleavablethiosuccinimidyl-linked antibody maytansinoids conjugate (FIG. 39). Thereaction was done with the SMCC reagent, which contains a hydrocarbonring between the maleimide and the NHS ester, a similar method could beused to react a sulfhydryl-bearing maytansinoid to a heterobifunctionallinker that contains a straight chain hydrocarbon between the maleimideand the NHS ester (FIG. 44).

Synthesis of DM1-SMCC

A round bottom flask was charged withN^(2′)-Deacetyl-N^(2′)-(3-mercapto-1-oxopropyl)-maytansine (DM1, 67.9mg, 0.092 mmol),Succinimidyl-4-(N-maleimidomethyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxylate (SMCC, 32.1mg, 0.096 mmol, 1.05 equivalents) and THF (4 mL). The solution stirredas the reagents were dissolved in the solvent to yield a clear,colorless solution. Phosphate buffer, pH 6, (4 mL, 100 mM PotassiumPhosphate, 2 mM EDTA) was then added. The reaction flask was equippedwith a septum and stir bar and the reaction proceeded at roomtemperature with vigorous stirring. The reaction appeared completewithin 30 minutes as indicated by reverse-phase HPLC. Following reactioncompletion, the reaction volume was reduced in vacuo to give a whitesolid/residue. The product was isolated by silica gel chromatography,eluting with a mixture of 3% methanol in methylene chloride. Productcontaining fractions were combined and concentrated to dryness in vacuoto give 63 mg (63.9% yield) DM1-SMCC as a white solid. Mass spectralanalysis of the isolated product gave the expected m+Na⁺ (m/z 1094.4)and m+Cl⁻ (m/z 1106.2) major molecular ions (FIG. 43).

One-Step Conjugation of Antibody with DM1-SMCC

A 10 mM stock (w/v) of DM1-SMCC reagent was prepared in DMA (10.7mg/mL). The stock solution was diluted in EtOH and the absorbance wasmeasured at 280 nm against a reagent blank of EtOH and DMA. Theconcentration of stock DM1-SMCC reagent was calculated by using anextinction coefficient of 5700 M⁻¹ at 280 nm which is the extinctioncoefficient of DM1 at this wavelength. Since the real extinctioncoefficient of DM1-SMCC has not been determined this is only an estimateof concentration.

The antibody was conjugated with DM1-SMCC at 5 mg/mL using a 7-foldmolar excess of the reagent. A titration of antibody with severalexcesses of DM1-SMCC was performed initially to determine the desiredDM1:Ab ratio, typically this range is 6-10-fold molar excess for humanantibodies. The reaction was carried out in pH 7.5 buffer with DMA (5%v/v) for 90 minutes at room temperature. The reaction mixture was thenkept at 4° C. for 12-36 hours. The conjugate was then purified over aNAP-5 (Sephadex G25) column equilibrated in pH 5.5 citrate buffer,filtered and dialyzed against the pH 5.5 citrate buffer to remove anyunreacted free drug. Following dialysis, the conjugate had 3.1 DM1molecules linked per mole of antibody and no detectable free drugpresent in the conjugate (FIG. 39, m=3.1). The number of DM1 moleculesper Ab antibody molecule (average) in the final conjugate was measuredby determining absorbance of the conjugate at 252 and 280 nm and usingknown extinction coefficients for DM1 and antibody at these twowavelengths.

SEC HPLC was performed on the conjugate to show that it was 96.8%monomeric following conjugation.

The final conjugate was also analyzed by size exclusion LC/MS. Theconjugate made via the method described in this invention shows thedesired MS spectrum of deglycosylated conjugate containing only theexpected distribution of peaks, FIG. 45.

Synthesis of DM4-SMCC

A round bottom flask was charged withN^(2′)-deacetyl-N^(2′)-(4-mercapto-4-methyl-1-oxopentyl)maytansine (DM4,22.0 mg, 0.0282 mmol) andSuccinimidyl-4-(N-maleimidomethyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxylate (SMCC, 24.2mg, 0.0723 mmol, 2.50 equivalents) and glass distilled THF (1 mL). Thesolution stirred as the reagents were dissolved in the solvent to yielda clear, colorless solution. Phosphate buffer pH 6 (1 mL, 100 mMPotassium Phosphate, 2 mM EDTA) was then added. The reaction flask wasequipped with a septum and stir bar and the reaction proceeded at roomtemperature with vigorous stirring. The reaction appeared complete after7 hours, as indicated by reverse-phase HPLC. Following reactioncompletion the product was extracted into ethyl acetate (3×25 mL),washed with brine (5 mL) and dried in vacuo. The product was isolated bysilica gel chromatography, eluting with a mixture of 3% ethanol inmethylene chloride. Product containing fractions were combined andconcentrated in vacuo to give 19.74 mg (62.8% yield) of DM4-SMCC. Massspectral analysis of the isolated product gave the expected m+Na⁺ (m/z1136.4) and m+Cl⁻ (m/z 1148.4) major molecular ions.

One-Step Conjugation of Antibody with DM4-SMCC

A solution of humanized antibody (2.5 mg/mL) in aqueous buffer (100 mMsodium phosphate), pH 8.0, was incubated with a 10-fold molar excess ofDM4-SMCC in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to give a final DMSO concentrationof 20%. The conjugation proceeded for one hour at ambient temperature.The conjugate was purified by passage over a Sephadex G25 gel filtrationcolumn equilibrated in pH 5.5 buffer (10 mM histidine, 130 mM glycine,5% (w/v) sucrose, pH 5.5). The number of DM4 molecules linked perantibody molecule (average) in the final conjugate was measured bydetermining absorbance of the conjugate at 252 and 280 nm and usingknown extinction coefficients for DM4 and antibody at these twowavelengths.

Following purification, the conjugate had 3.7 DM4 molecules linked permolecule of antibody. SEC analysis was performed on the final conjugateto show that it was >95% monomeric however >5% free drug species waspresent on the final conjugate. Dialysis of the conjugate may havereduced the presence of undesired free drug species.

Example XII Conjugation of Maytansinoids Bearing a Non-CleavableThioacetamidyl Moiety that Contains an Amine Reactive Group to anAntibody

The sulfhydryl bearing maytansinoid DM1 was reacted with bromoaceticacid to give the thioacetamidyl-linked carboxylic acid derivative.Esterification with N-hydroxysuccinimide gave the amine reactivenon-cleavable, thioacetamidyl-linked maytansinoid (FIG. 48). One-stepconjugation of the isolated compound with antibody (FIG. 42) gave anon-cleavable antibody maytansinoid conjugate (FIG. 40).

Alternatively, the sulfhydryl-bearing maytansinoid DM4 was modified witha heterobifunctional, haloacetamide-bearing crosslinker to give an aminereactive maytansinoid bearing a thioacetamidyl moiety (FIG. 49).One-step conjugation of the isolated compound with antibody (FIG. 42)gave a non-cleavable thioacetamidyl-linked antibody maytansinoidconjugate (FIG. 40).

Synthesis of DM1-SBA

A round bottom flask was charged withN^(2′)-Deacetyl-N^(2′)-(3-mercapto-1-oxopropyl)-maytansine (DM1, 183.4mg, 0.248 mmol) and anhydrous N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF, 3 mL). Thereaction solution was stirred as bromoacetic acid (37.9 mg, 0.273 mmol,1.1 equivalents) and 1,8-Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU, 75.6 mg,0.497 mmol) were sequentially added. The flask was equipped with aseptum and a stir bar and the reaction proceeded at room temperaturewith vigorous stirring for 1 hour. Following reaction completion thereaction volume was reduced to a crude oil in vacuo. The crude productwas dissolved in a minimal volume of methylene chloride and the productwas isolated by silica gel chromatography, eluting with a mixture of 5%ethanol, 0.5% acetic acid and 94.5% methylene chloride. Productcontaining fractions were combined and the volume was reduced in vacuoto give 158.8 mg (80.4% yield) of the thioacetamidyl-linked DM1carboxylic acid derivative with 94.6% purity by HPLC.

A round bottom flask was charged with the product of the previousreaction (158.8 mg, 0.199 mmol) and methylene chloride (15 mL).N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS, 25.2 mg, 0.219 mmol, 1.1 equivalents) and1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide (EDC, 57.2 mg, 0.298mmol) were then added. The reaction proceeded with stirring at roomtemperature until completion. Following reaction completion (˜45 min.),the reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate (20 mL), transferredto a separatory funnel, washed with phosphate buffer pH 6 (15 mL, 100 mMpotassium phosphate, 2 mM EDTA) and brine (7 mL), dried over anhydrousNa₂SO₄ and concentrated in vacuo to give a crude off-white solid. Theproduct was isolated by silica gel chromatography eluting with a mixtureof 10% 1,2-dimethoxyethane in ethyl acetate. Product containingfractions were combined and concentrated in vacuo to give 34.5 mg (19.4%yield) of DM1-SBA with 96.0% purity by reverse phase HPLC. Mass spectralanalysis of the isolated product gave the expected m+Na⁺ (m/z 915.2) andm+Cl⁻ (m/z 927.0) major molecular ions.

One-Step Conjugation of Antibody with DM1-SBA

A 10.8 mM stock (w/v) of DM1-SBA reagent was prepared in DMA. Theantibody was conjugated with DM1-SBA at 2.5 mg/mL using a 10.2-foldmolar excess of the reagent. The reaction was carried out in pH 7.5buffer (100 mM potassium phosphate) with DMA (10% v/v) for 90 minutes atroom temperature. The conjugate was then purified over a 5300 gelfiltration (Sephadex 5300) column eluting with pH 6.5 buffer (10 mMpotassium phosphate, 140 mM sodium chloride). Following purification,the conjugate had 3.7 DM1 molecules linked per mole of antibody and˜0.18% free drug (FIG. 40, m=3.7).

SEC HPLC was performed on the conjugate to show that it was 99.6%monomeric following conjugation.

Synthesis of N-Succinimidyl Bromoacetate (Also Commercially Available)

A 100 mL round bottom flask was charged with 2-bromoacetic acid (2.79 g,20.08 mmol), N-hydroxysuccinimide (2.54 g, 22.12 mmol) and methylenechloride (30 mL). The solution stirred in an ice bath asN—N-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC, 4.46 g, 22.14 mmol) was added. Thereaction stirred in the ice bath for one hour and an additional hour atroom temperature.

The reaction mixture was filtered through a sintered glass funnel andconcentrated in vacuo to give a crude white solid. The solid wasdissolved in warm methylene chloride (30 mL) and recrystallized withhexanes (25 mL). The solid was collected by filtration, washed withhexanes and dried in vacuo to give 3.99 g (84% yield) of N-succinimidylbromoacetate as a white solid. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 2.864 (s, 4H) and 4.100(s, 2H) ppm.

Synthesis of DM4-SBA

A round bottom flask was charged withN^(2′)-deacetyl-N^(2′)-(4-mercapto-4-methyl-1-oxopentyl)maytansine (DM4,71.9 mg, 0.092 mmol) and anhydrous N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF, 2.5 mL).The reaction was placed under an argon atmosphere and N-succinimidylbromoacetate (SBA, 23.9 mg, 0.101 mmol, 1.1 equivalents) and1,8-Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU, 14.7 mg, 0.097 mmol, 1.05equivalents) were sequentially added. The flask was equipped with aseptum and a stir bar and the reaction proceeded at room temperaturewith vigorous stirring until completion. The product was isolated bypreparative cyano HPLC in a single injection, eluting with a gradient of15-65% ethyl acetate in hexanes over 30 minutes followed by an increaseof 65-95% ethyl acetate over 10 minutes. Under these conditions DM4-SBAeluted between 22-24 minutes. The product was collected and concentratedin vacuo to give 50.1 mg (55.2% yield) of the desired DM4-SBA (95%purity) product. Mass spectral analysis of the isolated product gave theexpected m+Na⁺ (m/z 957.4) and m+Cl⁻ (m/z 969.2) major molecular ions.

Example XIII Preparation of Non-Cleavable Thiosuccinimidyl-LinkedMaytansinoid Derivatives Bearing a Carboxyl Moiety

Sulfhydryl-bearing maytansinoids, such as DM1 and DM4, may be modifiedto give non-cleavable thiosuccinimidyl-bearing carboxylic acidderivatives (FIGS. 45, 46 and 48). These derivatives would be useful inthe preparation of amine-reactive non-cleavable thiosuccinimidyl-linkedmaytansinoids described herein. FIGS. 45, 46 and 48 show the formationof N-hydroxysuccinimide activated esters however it is obvious to oneskilled in the art that several other activated esters could be formed,these include but are not limited to N-sulfosuccinimidyl esters,pentafluorophenol ester, tetrafluorosulfophenol, and nitrophenol ester.Sulfhydryl-bearing maytansinoids, such as DM1 and DM4, can be modifiedwith homobifunctional maleimide reagents to give maytansinoids bearing amaleimide group as shown in FIG. 50.

Preparation of DM1-MCC

A 10 mL round bottom flask was charged with DM1 (44.6 mg, 0.0571 mmol),1,2-dimethoxyethane (2.5 mL) and equipped with a stir bar. A solution ofN-[4-(Carboxycyclohexylmethyl)]maleimide (Toronto Research Chemicals,Inc., MCC, 20.3 mg, 0.08430 mmol) in 1,2-dimethoxyethane (0.5 mL) wasadded to the reaction flask followed by the addition of pH 7.5 buffer(2.5 mL, 50 mM potassium phosphate, 2 mM EDTA). Several drops of anaqueous saturated sodium bicarbonate solution was added to the reactionsolution to maintain the reaction pH. The reaction proceeded at roomtemperature and was complete after 2 hours. The reaction volume wasreduced by half in vacuo, acidified to pH 3 and the product wasextracted into ethyl acetate (3×10 mL). The extracts were combined,washed with brine (5 mL) and concentrated in vacuo to yield the crudeproduct. The product was isolated by silica gel chromatography elutingwith a 93:7 mixture of methylene chloride and ethanol. Productcontaining fractions were combined and concentrated to give 46.5 mg(83.5% yield) of DM1-MCC (99.3% purity) as a white solid. Mass spectralanalysis of the isolated product gave the expected m+Na⁺ major molecularion (m/z 997.3).

Preparation of DM4-SMCC

A 3 mL glass vial was charged with DM4 (24.3 mg, 0.0311 mmol),N-[4-(Carboxycyclohexylmethyl)]maleimide (MCC, Toronto ResearchChemicals, Inc, 8.1 mg, 0.0342 mmol) and 1,2-dimethoxyethane (1 mL). Thesolution stirred as buffer pH 7.5 (1 mL, 50 mM potassium phosphate, 2 mMEDTA) was added to the reaction. The reaction proceeded at roomtemperature and was complete within two hours. The reaction volume wasreduced by half in vacuo, acidified to pH 3 and the product wasextracted into ethyl acetate (3×10 mL). The extracts were combined,washed with brine (5 mL) and concentrated in vacuo to yield the crudeproduct. The product was isolated by silica gel chromatography elutingwith a 9:1 mixture of methylene chloride and ethanol. Product containingfractions were combined and concentrated to give 14.8 mg (46.9% yield)of DM4-MCC (96.7% purity) as a white solid. Mass spectral analysis ofthe isolated product gave the expected m+Na⁺ major molecular ion (m/z1039.5).

Example XIV Preparation of Non-Cleavable Thiosuccinimidyl-LinkedMaytansinoid Derivatives Bearing a Thiol Reactive Moiety

The maleimide bearing maytansinoid containing a non-cleavablethiosuccinimidyl group was conjugated to a thiol containing antibody(FIG. 51). The maleimide bearing maytansinoid containing a non-cleavablethiosuccinimidyl group was prepared by coupling a thiol containingmaytansinoid to a, bis-maleimide crosslinker (FIG. 52). The reactionconducted herein was done with the Mal-(CH₂)₆-Mal reagent, however it isapparent to one skilled in the art that a sulfhydryl-bearingmaytansinoid can be to bis-maleimide reagents that contain differentspacer units between the maleimide moieties.

Preparation of DM1-Mal-(CH₂)₆-Mal A solution of bis(maleimide)hexanoate(17.9 mg, 0.0648 mmol, 3 equivalents) in THF (0.75 mL) was prepared in areaction vial. The solution was stirred as DM1 (15.9 mg, 0.0216 mmol)was added in THF (0.75 mL). N,N-diisopropylethylamine (3.3 mg, 0.0259mmol, 1,2 equivalents) was then added and the reaction proceeded withstirring at room temperature. Following reaction completion, thereaction volume was reduced in vacuo to give a crude oil. The crudeproduct was redissolved in a minimal volume of CH₂Cl₂ and purified bypreparative thin-layer chromatography on a 20 cm×20 cm 1000 micron glassplate, eluting with 7% methanol in CH₂Cl₂. The product containing bandwas scraped from the plate, extracted with 20% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂, filteredthrough a sintered glass funnel and concentrated in vacuo to give 10 mg(45.9% yield) of DM1-Mal-(CH₂)₃-Mal (95.8% purity). Mass spectralanalysis of the isolated product gave the expected m+Na⁺ (m/z 1036.4)and m+Cl⁻ (m/z 1048.3) major molecular ions.

Preparation of DM4-Mal-(CH₂)₆-Mal

A round bottom flask was charged with bis(maleimide)hexanoate (25.0 mg,0.090 mmol, 3 equivalents) and THF (1 mL). Once fully dissolved, asolution ofN^(2′)-deacetyl-N^(2′)-(4-mercapto-4-methyl-1-oxopentyl)maytansine (DM4,23.5 mg, 0.030 mmol) in THF (1 mL) was added to the reaction flask.Phosphate buffer pH 6 (2 mL, 100 mM potassium phosphate, 2 mM EDTA) wasthen added to the reaction flask. The reaction flask was equipped with astir bar and a septum and the reaction proceeded at room temperaturewith stirring. Following reaction completion (˜8 hr) the reaction volumewas reduced to dryness in vacuo. The crude product was redissolved in aminimal volume of acetonitrile and the product was isolated bysemi-preparative C18 HPLC. Product containing fractions were combinedand concentrated in vacuo to give 10.6 mg (33.3% yield) ofDM4-Mal-(CH₂)₆-Mal (99.9% purity). Mass spectral analysis of theisolated product gave the expected m+Na⁺ (m/z 1078.4) and m+Cl⁻ (m/z1090.3) major molecular ions.

Preparation of huC242-Mal-(CH₂)₆-Mal-DM1

huC242 (8 mg/mL) in 150 mM HEPES buffer, pH 8.0 containing 5% dimethylacetamide was modified with 9 equivalents of SPDB for 1 hr at 30′C theneluted through a NAPS sizing column using 50 mM phosphate, 50 mM NaCl,pH 7.5 buffer. To the recovered modified antibody was added 2 μL of 1 Mdithiothreitol at 30′C. After 10 min the reaction was purified on aNAP10 column eluting with 50 mM phosphate, 50 mM NaCl, pH 6.5 buffer.DM1-mal-(CH₂)₆-mal (1.7 mole equivalents) in dimethyl formamide wasadded to the fraction containing desired product to obtain 10% v/vdimethyl formamide/buffer. After 1 Hr the crude conjugate was purifiedon a NAP 25 column eluting with 10 mM citrate, 135 mM NaCl pH 5.5buffer. Using the previously described binding assay,huC242-Mal-(CH₂)₆-Mal-DM1 was shown to bind to antigen-positive COLO205cells to the same extent as the naked huC242 antibody (FIG. 53). ThehuC242-Mal-(CH₂)₆-Mal-DM1 conjugate was shown to be much more cytotoxicto antigen positive COLO205 cells than antigen negative Namalwa cells(FIG. 54).

1-17. (canceled)
 18. A maytansinoid having a thioether moiety that bearsa reactive group represented by the formula (5):D′-Y′—V-Q-W—Z′  (5) wherein: D′ represents a sulfhydryl-bearingmaytansinoid; V is an optional linear, branched or cyclic alkyl, alkenylor alkynyl group having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms; W is an optionallinear, branched or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl group having from 1to 10 carbon atoms; Y′ represents a thioether bond; Q represents anoptional aromatic or a heterocyclic moiety; and Z′ represents an amineor sulfhydryl reactive group.
 19. The maytansinoid of claim 18, whereinthe sulfhydryl-bearing maytansinoid isN^(2′)-deacetyl-N^(2′)-(3-mercapto-1-oxopropyl)-maytansine (DM1) orN^(2′)-deacetyl-N^(2′)-(4-mercapto-4-methyl-1-oxopentyl)maytansine(DM4).
 20. The maytansinoid of claim 18, represented by the followingstructural formula:


21. The maytansinoid of claim 18, represented by the followingstructural formula:


22. The maytansinoid of claim 18, represented by the followingstructural formulae, 7a or 7b:


23. A process for the preparation of the maytansinoid of claim 18comprising reacting the thiol-containing maytansinoid with aheterobifunctional crosslinker represented by the following chemicalequation:D′+Y″—V-Q-W—Z′→D′-Y′—V-Q-W—Z′  (6) wherein: D′ represents asulfhydryl-bearing maytansinoid; V is an optional linear, branched orcyclic alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl group having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms;Q represents an optional aromatic or a heterocyclic moiety; W is anoptional linear, branched or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl grouphaving from 1 to 10 carbon atoms; Z′ is an amine or sulfhydryl reactivegroup; Y″ represents a sulfhydryl-reactive moiety; and Y′ represents athioether bond between the sulfhydryl-bearing maytansinoid and thecrosslinker.
 24. The process of claim 23, wherein the sulfhydryl-bearingmaytansinoid isN^(2′)-deacetyl-N^(2′)-(3-mercapto-1-oxopropyl)-maytansine (DM1) orN^(2′)-deacetyl-N^(2′)-(4-mercapto-4-methyl-1-oxopentyl)maytansine(DM4).
 25. The process of claim 23, wherein Y″ is a maleimido orhaloacetamide.
 26. A process for the preparation of cytotoxic conjugatesof maytansinoids and cell binding agents linked via a non-cleavable bondsaid process comprising reacting a cell binding agent with a compound offormula Z′—W-Q-V—Y′-D′ to provide a cell binding agent conjugate offormula CB—(Z″—W-Q-V—Y′-D′)_(m) wherein, Z′ represents an amine orsulfhydryl reactive group; W is an optional linear, branched or cyclicalkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl group having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms; Qrepresents an optional aromatic or a heterocyclic moiety; V is anoptional linear, branched or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl grouphaving from 1 to 10 carbon atoms; Y′ represents a thioether bond; D′represents a sulfhydryl bearing maytansinoid; CB represents acell-binding agent; Z″ represents a thioether bond or an amide bond; andm is an integer from 2 to
 8. 27. The process of claim 26, wherein thesulfhydryl-bearing maytansinoid isN^(2′)-deacetyl-N^(2′)-(3-mercapto-1-oxopropyl)-maytansine (DM1) orN^(2′)-deacetyl-N^(2′)-(4-mercapto-4-methyl-1-oxopentyl)maytansine(DM4).
 28. The process of claim 26, wherein CB is an antibody, a singlechain antibody or an antigen-binding fragment of an antibody.
 29. Theprocess of any one of claims 26 to 28, wherein the cell binding agentconjugate of formula CB—(Z″—W-Q-V—Y′-D′)_(m) is purified.
 30. Theprocess of claim 26, wherein the cell-binding agent and the compound offormula Z′—W-Q-V—Y′-D′ are reacted by mixing a solution of thecell-binding agent in aqueous buffer, optionally containing up to 20%organic solvent, with a solution of the compound of formulaZ′—W-Q-V—Y′-D′ in organic solvent or a mixture of organic solvent andaqueous buffer or water, and allowing the reaction to proceed forbetween 5 minutes to 72 hours
 31. The process of claim 26, wherein theconjugate is purified by chromatography, dialysis, tangential flowfiltration or a combination of said methods.
 32. A compound representedby the following structural formula:


33. A compound represented by the following structural formula: